We would be here covering the basic OSPF concepts as well as their operation. We would explain about the working of OSPF, how to build OSPF tables on an OSPF-enabled router as well as their purpose, OSPF areas, and their importance. Next, we would be covering the OSPF Link State Packet types which would be utilized to exchange data between OSPF routers: LSA (Link State Advertisement), LSDB (Link State Database), LSR (Link State Request), LSAcK (Link State Acknowledgment) and LSU (Link State Update). Later on, we might be taking a look at the OSPF roles: ABR (Area Border Router), ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router), DR (Designated Router), Backup DR and much more. So if you wish to have knowledge about all these topics and if you wish to have proper hands-on practice on the same, join our courses at SPOTO to have more knowledge regarding the OSPF. So, let’s begin. What Is OSPF And How Does It Work? OSPF is considered as a Link State protocol that’s which would be believed to, may be the most famous protocol among the IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) family, developed in the midst of 1980s by the OSPF working group of the IETF. When configured, OSPF would be able to listen to neighbors and gather all link state data available to build a topology map of all available paths in its network and later on save the information in its topology database, which would be also known as its LSDB (Link-State Database). Utilizing the information from its topology database: From information which would be gathered, it would be calculating the best shortest path to each reachable subnet or network utilizing an algorithm called SFP (Shortest Path First) which was developed by the computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in the year 1956. OSPF would be then constructing three tables to store the following information: Neighbor Table: It would contain all discovered OSPF neighbors with whom routing information will be interchanged Topology Table: It would contain the entire road map of the network with all available OSPF routers and calculated best and alternative paths. Routing Table: It would contain the current working best paths that will be used to forward data traffic between neighbors. Understanding OSPF Areas: OSPF would be offering a very distinguishable feature namely the Routing Areas. It means it would be dividing routers inside a single autonomous system that is running OSPF, into areas where each area would be consisting of a group of connected routers. The idea of dividing the OSPF network into areas is to simplify the administration as well as optimize the available resources. Resource optimization would be especially important for large enterprise networks with a plethora of network as well as links.  Having many routers exchange the link state database could flood the network as well as reduce its efficiency. Thus, this was the need which led to the creation of concept Areas. Areas which are considered as a logical collection of routers which could be carried to the same Area ID or number inside of an OSPF network, the OSPF network itself could contain multiple areas, the first as well as the main Area would be considered as the backbone area “Area 0”, all other areas should be then connected to Area 0. So, now you would be aware of how much things that you are needed to have the knowledge of while preparing for the Cisco Lab Exams. But Don’t Worry! SPOTO is there to help you. Join the CCIE Lab Exam Courses, which are being offered at the SPOTO and gain access to their Premium Lab materials and lots more. Understand now ccie collaboration study guide click there

Introduction to EIGRP EIGRP otherwise known as the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is considered to be the CISCO’s second proprietary routing protocol that was released first in 1992. It was considered as a classless advancement to CISCO’s first proprietary routing protocol IGRP. Since this is a CISCO proprietary protocol, would be only running on the CISCO routers. We are going to discuss some of the most notable features of EIGRP, but if you wish to have the better results, you are needed to go through the training courses which would be gained by joining the SPOTO EIGRP Includes the Following: RTP – Reliable Transport Protocol. Bounded updates – The updates are only sent if and when there would be the change in topology and to affected routers. It utilizes the DUAL algorithm (Diffusion Update Algorithm) so as to find the best paths. It would be established adjacencies with neighboring routers. It would be maintaining the neighbor table, the topology table, and the routing table. The operation of EIGRP would be having some similarities with link-state routing protocols like the OSPF, however, it would be still a distance vector routing protocol. EIGRP Packet Types The packet types in EIGRP are quite crucial to understand about how it would be exchanging routing information. It is considered quite important to note that there are 5 packet types that EIGRP would be utilized to maintain adjacencies. Some of them are mentioned below, we could see that some of them come in pair. Hello packets The Hello packet is considered as the first packet that would be sent when EIGRP is configured, this packet is considered to be sent to discover neighbors and form adjacencies with those neighbors. The hello packet would be usually sent in the intervals of 60 seconds on slow links and at intervals of 5 seconds on links with a bandwidth that would be exceeding 1.544mbps like the T1 links. Update In EIGRP, the update packets are utilized to send routing information to its neighbors. The routing updates that are sent by EIGRP would be usually partial and bounded. This means that unless there would be is a change in topology, the updates wouldn’t usually be sent. When a topology change would be detected, the EIGRP update packets are might be either sent as a unicast to a single affected router or it would be sent as a multicast to several affected routers in the routing domain. Acknowledgment (ACK) The ACK packets would be utilized in order to verify that updates or other types of messages were received or not. RTP would be ensuring that ACK messages are delivered by utilizing Reliable delivery. Query and reply packets When a router is considered to be missing a route, it would be the work of the query and reply packets so as to probe neighbors for the missing routes. The queries wouldn’t be usually sent as multicast messages, while the replies would be usually unicast messages. EIGRP and routes propagation When routers are being configured with EIGRP boot up, the hello messages would be usually sent to all the routers in the domain so as to form adjacencies, when the neighbors reply, they would be forming neighbor relationships. The routers then would be sending updates which would be containing their information to the neighbors. When this is done, the routers would be drawing up a topology table with all the best routes and alternative or backup paths. From this, the best path is determined and utilized for packet forwarding. So, these were the few things that you needed to know about the Layer 3 EIGRP. If you wish to learn more, you could gain it through the training courses provided by the SPOTO.

In order to give yourself the best chance of clearing the Cisco Certification Exams, here we present certain tips to clear it in a single attempt. You should also look for the study dumps, which are being offered at the SPOTO Club, and ensure your success of achieve this certification in single attempt. Study Material I know I’m stating the obvious here, but it does matter, and when you choose good study material, your half battle is won. However, what you might not know is that you would never find a single free resource that would give you the answers to all of the questions on an exam. For the best results either you should use multiple resources, or you could just gain reliable resources that are provided by the SPOTO Club’s Cisco Certification Programs. You might go through the Cisco Press and/or a Safari Book subscription, Videos Internet forums, Blogs, Practice exams, but nothing would prove as reliable as compared to the SPOTO Club’s Cisco Dumps. The types and number of resources that you use are completely up to you. If you’ve already got a solid understanding of all the topics contained in an exam, then utilizing all of the resources which would be listed above is probably considered overkill for you. So, all you need would be to gain the SPOTO Club’s Cisco Training Materials. It’s crucial to use multiple resources for those who wish to make no mistakes. Whether you’ve purchased a book or you’re taking advice from a user on a free internet forum, there would be a chance that the information that you’re being given could be incorrect. So, by utilizing multiple resources you can identify discrepancies and ensure that you would be retaining the correct information. But again, that requires lots of time and if you wish to avoid that your only chance would be to gain some good study dumps, like the SPOTO Club’s Cisco Exam Dumps. Learning Technique: We all learn as well as retain knowledge in different ways. The technique which might work for some wouldn’t work for others. So, you are required to find the way, which would be suitable for you to retain the knowledge. If you’re not sure what works for you, Cisco provides you with a fantastic series of videos that cover this very subject. Alternatively, speak to friends, family as well as colleagues about what they find works for them. Another option would be speaking to other students on the internet forums which you could find lots online. Time: Another important aspect which you need to work on is Time Management; both while studying as well as while appearing in the exam. If you work long hours, have regular family commitments, and/or do other activities that might take up large portions of your time, don’t set an unrealistic time frame for yourself. Doing so would cause unnecessary stress which would cause you to retain less information and you would make more mistakes. Then, when you realize time is running out you would be experiencing more unnecessary stress as well as make more mistakes and the vicious cycle would continue. By setting a more reasonable goal much more relaxed and your study sessions would be able to flow a lot easier. So, all you need is a good training module, for which I would recommend you acquire the SPOTO Club’s Cisco Certification Training Materials. They have a team of experts, who formulates questions and answers in such a way that you clear your exam in one go, by going through them properly.

When I was packing things, a "CCNA Study Guide" suddenly caught my eye and pulled my memory back. I took it to the ignorant lush years. That was the day after the first year of the freshman year when the various departments of the school began to contribute to the newcomers. I walked on the avenue leading to the canteen with my small bag, thinking that someone would snatch my chicken legs. At that time being, a girl gave me a leaflet saying "Cisco Networking Technology Academy is starting to enroll now, do you want to get technology? Do you want to be an IT talent? Join us." There is no concern because several terms appearing inside have touched my knowledge blind zone, so this thing has been taken over. One night after a few days, an IT madman in the dormitory asked me to know about the Cisco Networking Academy. He also said that he had joined and wanted to pull me into the pit. After listening to his words and the previous flyer, I became curious about this mysterious place and joined the Cisco Network Academy halfway. Since then, I have started a weekly network technical training. The most impressive thing is that the first class teacher gave a presentation about what Cisco is doing and the various levels and difficulty of Cisco CCIE Certification and what needs to be learned. When I heard the word CCIE, I couldn't help but erect my ears. At that time, I thought about it if I could test the CCIE certificate one day. Finally, it became a dream for me. At that time, the pressure on the coursework was not very heavy. Every week, I took a lot of time to stay in the computer room and beat and play to see the four thick books recommended by the official. After insisting on a few months, I feel that there is no motivation. The four books are like me in front of four big mountains, and this is only the NA stage. At that moment, my heart is ashamed, as if I am coming from my dream. The farther it is. At this critical moment, my roommates came out again, and I said that SPOTO is engaged in activities today, do you want to participate? SPOTO? What is that? After some inquiries, I learned the magical place of the training class. I was also moved by the sweet words of representative of SPOTO. I signed up for the train on the same day. Since then, I have been deeper and deeper in the pit of the network. The feeling of studying with the teacher in SPOTO is completely different from reading a book. Reading a book is like riding a bicycle. Learning from the class is like flying a rocket and flying straight into the sky. Time flies and a year has passed in the blink of an eye. I also seem to understand NA and NP, and I am ready to march into IE. At this time, I was not interested in the professional courses I had studied. Every time I was in class, I made a bold decision: Give up my profession and march in the direction of the network. Any decision is a price, and this time is no exception. Studying and preparing for IE for half a year is just the most arduous time of my class. Various professional courses come one after another, and I can’t breathe. I can only have a little free time to practice at night or on weekends for configuration. Early morning is the best time period of memory in the day. I am mixed among the students in the postgraduate examination. When others recite political issues, I recite CFG. After turning off the lights at night, I put on earplugs and continue to recall the operation and topology of CFG in my mind. Perhaps it is a clean stream on campus. Since my foundation is not very good, I often need to go back and look at the previous theoretical video, try my best to understand the intent of each step in the version, and often miss the dinner because of the fascination of learning. I still clearly remember to carry my little bag on every cold night and leave the warm and tempting dormitory. I walked alone in the cold wind of the winter night, watching a pair of laughing and roaring couples walking by my heart, inside. Not the slightest wave, but the pace is more firmly toward the dream. Just a moment in my mind will recall the first love of the young, the girl in the picture once said to accompany me to the examination room. Looking back now, I really admire myself at that time. Although I am very tired and tired, I gave up a lot and got a stomach problem. The whole person lost weight, but I never thought about retreating and giving up. I didn’t put down my studies to rest for a few days and even practice on the configuration of addiction. If I don’t practice one day, there is a sense of guilt that I can’t tell. What strength is it that I have been moving forward, probably a dream? Or that’s probably from the heart of a stubborn and persistent? I think both of them have it. Later, I went to the sprint and the exam stage. I went home and started the crazy configuration of the exercise. Everyone in the New Year’s Eve and the first day spent the mock exam. The eve of the exam was still very stressful. All the situations that may be encountered during the non-stop drill, from fail to pass from configuration 3 to configuration 1 from the eagerness of friends and relatives to the sneer of the good guys, it is impossible to fall in sleep, basically wake up every hour once, I also had a nightmare, dreaming that the intestines in the stomach had established a BGP neighbor relationship and had been rolling. Then I woke up and found that it was a stomachache that made me laugh and cry. When I really got out of the examination venue, my heart was full of mischief and you could only able to understand it if you experienced it. I want to say that learning CCIE is like a hard practice. It may take a lot of hard work and fail to achieve the expected results. You may miss beautiful sceneries in your life journey, and you may not get the understanding of family and friends, but since if you make up your mind, you must work hard to go on. If you try your best, you will have no regrets even if you fail, and you will be closer to success than standing in the same place. CCIE not only examines the technology but also examines the mentality of the candidates. There is even a certain amount of luck in it. The mentality is the most important. I remember that there were several places in the exam that I didn’t solve. I once wanted to leave the paper. At a critical juncture, I suddenly remembered that “the winners never give up, the abandoners never succeed”, and then they calm down and seriously think about it. Efforts should be as early as possible. The younger friends like me should be the prime time for preparing for IE. There is no burden of raising a family. There is no worry about the promotion of the workplace. There is a lot of time studying, as long as it is not ruined. Persevere in learning schedules and you will definitely get the results you want. Now when I talk about IE, I will think of SPOTO. It is the classmates and teachers of SPOTO who gave me great motivation and confidence. I know that it is easier for a group of people to insist on sticking to one person. Next, I will start to review the postgraduate exam, hoping to make greater progress under the cover of IE Aura. Finally, share a piece of your favorite words and share with you: When you are lonely, there will be no one to accompany you; When the saddest, no one will care for you;  Only yourself, experiencing some necessary experiences; You can answer some of the problems in your life but only by yourself Believe in yourself, never give up!

I. Cisco IOS Software Security Routers are considered to be quite an important part of any network, and successful implementation of Cisco IOS Software security features which would be increasing router efficiency and, by association, the efficiency of the entire network. Cisco IOS Software would be including a number of useful services. Unfortunately, many of them would be presenting a security concern. Herein, you would find a short explanation of some of these services, their functionality, as well as how they could be misused by an attacker. Then you would be learning about how to use the various Cisco IOS Software basic mechanisms that are going to be designed to protect information. To gain more knowledge regarding the same, join prep courses offered by SPOTO. II. HTTP Server Security In order to enable configuration as well as management of network devices remotely, Cisco IOS Software would be offering web-based Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) administration. Though the web-access features are considered to be quite common on Cisco routers, they would be facilitating not only a mechanism for configuring and monitoring but also for attacking a router. The HTTP traffic needs to be protected by securing the communication between the HTTP client as well as the HTTP server. Several security technologies are available for this task like the HTTPS, SSL, SSH, and IPSec which are discussed throughout this article. III. Password Management In order to control, who could access the router command prompt, you could set various passwords for various access points leading to the router. You could configure the passwords for local console access or remote access through Telnet. This is done for preventing unauthorized changes to a router's behavior and also to protect information that could be learned by looking at the network statistics on a router. IV. Access Lists Cisco IOS Software would be using the access lists, which is also known as Access Control Lists (ACLs), as security filters so as to permit or deny specific traffic from entering or exiting parts of the network. Access lists would be used heavily on Cisco routers for restricting access to a router's services as well as for filtering traffic passing through the router. The router would be looking at each packet and determines whether to forward or drop the packet, which would be based on the conditions that would be specified in the access lists. V. Secure Shell Secure Shell (SSH) service is considered as a newer Cisco IOS Software feature that would be intended for use in secure remote administration. In order to create a secure link between a client and a server, SSH would be utilizing Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman (RSA) public key cryptography. Therefore, the communication between the administrator's host as well as the router is encrypted. SSH would also be utilized to prevent various kinds of network attacks. Currently, Cisco would be implementing only version 1 of SSH, but remember to check for future updates. VI. Catalyst 3550 Security Because the 3550 family of Catalyst switches would be utilizing the IOS-based command-line interface, the handling of the basic security features on the switch would be considered virtually the same as it would be mentioned on the router. For now, you should utilize the Access Control Lists (ACLs), which are covered previously, in order to enforce remote administration security. Now, we wouldn’t be able to discuss fully this topic as it would need lots of time and will also make it quite lengthy. Thus if you wish to more knowledge regarding the same, you should opt for the courses which you could find online. I would advise you to join the one which are offered by the SPOTO. As when it comes to any Cisco related Certification, SPOTO is considered one of the best.

The landscape of tech jobs currently would likely going to be larger than the previous time, with roles in cybersecurity, software development, as well as data science dominating across industries. From artificial intelligence, automation, cryptocurrency, virtual reality and much more demand for jobs in engineering, data science, marketing, product, and sales would be continuing to rise for supporting the innovation happening across the country. If you wish to make your career in the IT Certification, you should check out the training courses which are being offered at the SPOTO Club. Here are certain highest-paying tech jobs for making Career in IT Sector. 1. Enterprise Architect An enterprise architect would be often reporting directly to the chief information officer (CIO) and is considered to be responsible for making sure that the business would be utilizing proper systems architecture, in keeping with the latest available technology, for achieving its goals. Enterprise architects would be needed to have an in-depth understanding of numerous systems and how they would be working together for serving a company's needs. They also must be able to converse efficiently with both technical developers as well as the highest levels of business management. The average base salary for the Enterprise Architect would be about $115,944 2. Software Development Manager As the name would be implying, this role would be involving the management of software developers and projects. Oftentimes candidates are required to have previous project management experience because numerous of the responsibilities would be involving project planning, process control, team staffing, and much more. The average base salary for the Software Development Manager would be about $108,879 3. Software Engineering Manager Software Engineering Manager is considered to be responsible for creating a well-coordinated team of software engineers that could successfully and quickly work on software products. This would be including the maintenance of the existing software as well as implementing new software. The average base salary for the would-be Software Engineering Manager about $107,479 4. Software Architect Software architects would be usually considered as experts, this isn’t an entry-level work. They would be dictating the standards for platforms; software tools, as well as coding practices, and makes it quite important design choices. They would be considered as a link between a company’s on-the-ground tech unit as well as the non-technical management. Software architects need higher-level vision and technical strategy as well as the ability to thinking and planning for the long term. The position would be requiring the experience as well as strong communication skills. The average base salary for the Software Architect would be about $105,329 5. Applications Development Engineer Applications development engineers would be required to know various programming languages as well as operating systems. They would be utilizing source code for creating software that would be customized as per the needs of the client's needs. Application development engineers would be able to work in teams, on prototypes, and testing applications. The average base salary for the Applications Development Engineer would be about $104,048 6. Solutions Architect A solutions architect is considered to be responsible for deciding which technologies to utilize. Job responsibilities could be varying, but they would be working closely with others for ensuring the solutions and technologies are implemented properly. They also do plenty of hands-on work with engineering and designing complex software and systems. The average base salary for the Solutions Architect would be about $121,522 Conclusion While lots of the top-paying tech careers which would be requiring the years of industry experience, breaking into the tech industry itself doesn’t always mean need to have a technical background. With an abundance of educational resources today, it is considered to be quite easy to move into the booming tech industry. So, check out the training courses offered by the SPOTO Club to make your career in the IT Field.