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CCIE R&S V5 Topology Many vendors utilize a “lab topology” for all of their labs. Most of the topologies would be having 4 switches and 9 routers. 3 of the routers are considered to be the “backbone” routers, pretty much the same as what you could expect on the CCIE R&S lab exam. The backbone routers are pre-configured and believed to be “out of your control”. They are utilized to inject routing information as well as some other neat tricks. The number of routers & switches and also the interfaces, cables, router/switch models as well as IOS versions would be depending upon the topology that you would be utilizing. The routers are connected to each other utilizing the serial interfaces and there’s also a lot of FastEthernet links. You should first decide what vendor workbooks you wish to use before you start thinking about lab equipment. Each vendor would be having a list with the routers, switches, interfaces and IOS versions that they utilize. The physical topology wouldn’t be changed throughout the workbooks that you would be using. You could make an infinite amount of logical topologies with a lab like this. Before you consider buying any hardware, double-check if you could use it for version 5 of the CCIE R&S lab. In the previous version (v4) the real lab had 4x 3560 switches so that’s what all vendors would be utilizing. Since version 5 of the lab exam, Cisco doesn’t utilize a particular switch model and the entire lab is virtual. Topology Wiring: Virtual Routers & Physical Switches Diagram        There are three main diagrams which would be supplied with the workbook provided by the SPOTO Club: two physical cabling diagrams as well as the Logical Layer 3 addressing diagram. These should be utilized together to give you a complete understanding of the network topology. Generally, there would be no separate diagrams per section. For sections that would be having specific pre-configurations, like the parts of BGP as well as Multicast, additional diagrams would be provided. For more information and diagrams, you should gain the courses, which are provided at the SPOTO Club. Assume that these three main diagrams are considered to be the foundation for every section in this workbook. We would be highly recommended that you should re-draw the Logical Layer 3 diagram and also extend it as appropriate for every section. For example, adding routing protocol domains and additional addressing if utilized. Remember that some sections, like those which are centered across the Layer 2 technologies, might not make use of the Layer 3 diagram at all, because they would be concentrating mainly on switching and bridging topics. Currently, the CCIE R&S v5 Workbook is considered to be in a state of change between our CCIE R&S v4 Topology and CCIE R&S v5 Topology. Tasks that would be still formatted for the v4 topology are listed as in the table of contents. When working on these tasks you should take the reference of the CCIE R&S v4 Topology Diagrams and Initial Configurations. When you would be studying for CCIE R&S or any other track you would have to spend a lot of time, around 600 to 1000 hours, configuring your routers and switches. Hence, you should check whether the courses, which you are opting for, are having the lab equipment, which matches your needs. I would recommend you join the courses, offered by the SPOTO Club. They cover each and every topic and have a team of experts, which will guide you throughout your study plan until you receive the CCIE Routing and Switching Certification.    

One of the most intimidating topics for CCIE Lab certification candidates in the Route/Switch track is considered to be the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Let’s have an overview of the BGP, but before that, if you would be seeking the CCIE Certification and wish to clear the CCIE Lab Certification, you should gain the study dumps which are being offered at the SPOTO Club. An Overview of BGP BGP or Border Gateway Protocol is beloved to be just incredibly unique, especially when we would be comparing it to other routing protocols. The very first thing that would be making the BGP so unique is what it would be doing for us. It is considered to be the only EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) in major use today. We would be able to know about our Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), as well as that would be like OSPF which would be running inside of an autonomous system. But BGP is an EGP, which means that it would be usually going to take prefixes that would be inside an autonomous system as well as sending those to other autonomous systems. In the below-mentioned Diagram 1, there’s an example of a BGP topology. Diagram 1: A Sample BGP Topology This is why BGP is considered to be the protocol that would be making the Internet function. ISPs (Internet Service Providers) could be utilizing the BGP in order to move prefix information between other Internet Service Providers. The unique characteristics of BGP wouldn’t be just ending here, though. One of the things that would be considered to be unique about the protocol is that it would be forming point-to-point peerings with other BGP speakers, as well as you are required to create these peerings manually. With BGP, the designers would be deciding not to engineer all those types of reliability controls into the protocol. They would be just relying on the wonders that would be the reliable communications of TCP. Particularly, BGP would be utilizing TCP port 179. When you would be thinking of our routing protocols, you should know that there is going to be some value that would be serving as a metric value for measuring distance. For instance, in the case of OSPF, you would be able to know the metric is cost, and cost would be based directly on bandwidth. When you would be forming a peering between autonomous systems, this is known as the EBGP (Exterior Border Gateway Protocol). Note: Some literature would be writing EBGP as eBGP. Remember, the reason BGP would be distinguishing between an EBGP peering and an IBGP peering is considered to be that operational characteristics would be going to need to change which would be based on how the peering is done. You could refer back to Diagram 1 in order to see these diverse peering types in action. So, the rules change when we would be talking EBGP versus IBGP, in order to keep things consistent as well as error-free. And the unique properties of BGP wouldn’t be just ending here. You would be going to see, again and again, as you would be examining BGP in this chapter, that there would be just going to be case after case, where the protocol would be operating in a very different manner from what you would be expected with our IGP brethren. So, if you wish to clear the CCIE Lab, you are required to have in-depth knowledge about the BGP and hence for more knowledge, you should acquire the study dumps, which are being offered at the SPOTO Club.

When it comes to preparing for the challenging Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Route 300-101 exam, choosing the right study materials is crucial. While there are numerous resources available in the market, including self-study options and free brain dumps, relying on high-quality, reliable materials from reputable providers like SPOTO Club can significantly increase your chances of success. SPOTO Club's Valid 300-101 PDF Dumps:  For professionals with limited study time, SPOTO Club presents a smart way to prepare for the Cisco 300-101 exam. They have curated all the relevant 300-101 questions and answers in a comprehensive PDF format, allowing you to conveniently review the exam content and prepare effectively. With SPOTO Club's 300-101 PDF brain dumps, you can be confident in passing the CCNP 300-101 exam on your first attempt. SPOTO Club 300-101 Exam Dumps PDF:  Utilize SPOTO Club's 300-101 exam questions PDF to prepare for the 300-101 actual exam with 100% confidence. These exam dumps are crafted and verified by Cisco certified experts, ensuring accurate, up-to-date, and authentic content. The 300-101 questions PDF can be accessed and viewed on various devices, including tablets, mobile phones, and laptops, providing flexibility in your study routine. Why Choose SPOTO Club 300-101 Exam Dumps? Accuracy: SPOTO Club's 300-101 exam dumps are designed to align with the latest Cisco exam pattern, ensuring you are prepared for the actual exam questions. Verification: Each 300-101 exam question is meticulously verified by Cisco certified experts, guaranteeing the highest quality and relevance. Convenience: The 300-101 questions PDF allows you to download and view the exam dumps on multiple devices, enabling seamless studying anywhere, anytime. Success Guarantee: SPOTO Club offers a 100% success guarantee, demonstrating their confidence in their 300-101 exam preparation materials. The Benefits of Obtaining Cisco 300-101 from SPOTO Club: Comprehensive Coverage: SPOTO Club's 300-101 exam dumps cover all exam objectives and significant topics required for the Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE v2.0) exam. Expert Curation: Every question and answer in the 300-101 exam dumps is carefully curated by Cisco experts, ensuring the highest quality and relevance. Passing Guarantee: SPOTO Club provides a passing guarantee, offering peace of mind and confidence in your exam preparation journey. By leveraging SPOTO Club's comprehensive study resources for the CCNP Route 300-101 exam, you can significantly increase your chances of success on your first attempt. Visit SPOTO Club today and explore their expert-led preparation courses to unlock your dream certification and take your networking career to new heights.

I. Historical Perspective of Cisco Certification Retirements Cisco Systems, a global tech leader, has a rich history of certification programs that have empowered IT professionals throughout the years. Reflecting on Cisco Certification retirements from their official website, we witness a constant evolution aimed at aligning with industry needs and staying relevant. Certification retirements typically occur to accommodate new technologies or phase out outdated skills. This ensures that certification holders can demonstrate current industry knowledge and skills. A prime example is the retirement of CCNA Voice, CCNA Video, and CCNA Security, replaced by the more comprehensive CCNA Collaboration. These retirements have significant implications for IT professionals. They encourage staying updated with the latest skills and trends, fostering continuous learning and growth—crucial elements in a dynamic industry like ours. II. The Prospect of a New CCNA in 2024 Given the rapid evolution of technology, Cisco may adapt its certification structure to align with industry trends, including the speculated launch of a new CCNA exam in 2024. Discussions on platforms like CBTNuggets and Cisco community forums suggest a significant revamp that validates IT professionals' skills and anticipates the future of networking technologies. Current Speculations and Discussions While official news is pending, speculations are based on the frequency of prior CCNA exam updates, community discussions, and industry advancements. Expectations include a more demanding CCNA version focusing on next-gen technologies, cybersecurity, and advanced networking principles. Factors Influencing a New CCNA Rapid technology evolution demands up-to-date certification subjects, with cloud computing, IoT, and cybersecurity playing a significant role. Cisco might align CCNA with emerging technologies and industry trends to enhance its prestige and practicality. Feedback from CCNA holders and test-takers could also shape updates. Cisco values input about exam relevance, difficulty, and topics, ensuring the CCNA remains useful. III. Insights from YouTube Video Discussion on Certifications The 'Future of Cisco Certifications' video discussion provides valuable insights. CCNA 200-301 remains a gold standard for networking fundamentals, but there's consensus on the need for improvements to align with evolving tech. Specializations, automation, and advanced domains may be integrated into future CCNA versions. IV. Speculations on the Retirement of CCNA 200-301 Speculations on CCNA 200-301's retirement stem from historical patterns. Cisco typically updates certifications every few years, suggesting a possible retirement around 2024. IT professionals must consider these changes in their certification plans to stay competitive. V. Insights from Reddit Threads on CCNA 200-301 Retirement Date Reddit discussions about CCNA 200-301's retirement provide diverse opinions. Speculations range from 3 to 6 years, with the average around 5 years. This impacts IT professionals planning to earn the certification and highlights the importance of staying informed and adaptable. VI. Lessons from CCNA Certification Update Patterns Learning from CCNA certification update patterns, professionals can strategize effectively. Past retirements occur every few years, hinting at a 2024 retirement for CCNA 200-301. To optimize their certification journey, professionals should consider earning the current CCNA before potential changes and stay updated on industry trends. Adapting to change is key in the ever-evolving IT field, building resilience, adaptability, and a lifelong learning mindset.

CCNA Certification is considered to be an ideal entry-level program for beginners in hardware networking. Clearing this exam is in no way easy as well as involves both intensive extensive and intensive preparation processes. If even you are from a non-technical academic background, you could still succeed in cracking this challenging exam. However, the correct strategy would be mandatory for experiencing success in your very first attempt. Five important tips and tricks have been shared below to let you adopt a smart approach for the preparation of this exam. Along with these tips, you could also gain a good and reliable study dumps provider, which are being offered at the SPOTO Club. Understanding the nature of the CCNA exam This first, as well as the foremost step, sounds extremely simplistic. However, students tend to forget that understanding of syllabus is considered as the key to clear an exam with flying colors. CISCO’s own website is believed to be a reservoir of useful information that would be telling the candidates about the eligibility, passing criterion, subjects to be studied as well as reading materials. Awareness in all these topics would automatically boost aspirants’ confidence to undertake exam stress in a positive manner. Prepare a personalized study schedule Effective study planning would be amplifying your chances of clearing the CCNA exam. It is for the candidates to construct a study schedule that would be aligned with their personal preferences. For instance, an aspirant has to decide how many hours he could be dedicated to studies how he plans to distribute the hours for covering each subject. They are required to select CCNA training reading materials from a reliable service provider that has a record of positive testimonials from past candidates. Solve as many mock papers as possible In order to test the knowledge that one might have gathered during the course of preparation, the aspirants would be required to take mock tests. It would be enabling them to identify their strength and certain aspects that would be still requiring improvements. Following this tip would be certainly given the dedicated aspirants a more advantageous position when compared to competitors that have attached less importance to this trick. CISCO Training materials for CCNA Certification would be also covering question banks for practice. One can easily solve these papers getting acquainted with the latest paper trend in the examination. A consequence of hands-on experience in lab equipment Studying conceptual theories that would be pertaining to the networking system is crucial. However, it doesn’t underplay the importance of practical skills by any mean. Rather, hand on practical handling of equipment like the switches as well as the router is instrumental in clearing CCNA and other advanced courses. Reputed CCNA Bootcamp providers, like the SPOTO Club, schedule separate intensive classes for practical lab tests. Hence, this particular trick of honing hands-on skills is quite beneficial for the relevant CISCO Certification. Becoming  a part of the online student community The virtual online platform has been enabled the global student community to surpass geographical barriers as well as communicate among themselves. Participating in virtual forums, which would be enabling the students for exchanging important points of view and learning strategies. It would be helping the aspirants to find other candidates that would be sharing the similar present objective of acing the CCNA Certification exam. You could join the CISCO Learning Network for participating in an educative discussion forum. CISCO exams are of a high standard as well as leave no scope of half-hearted dedication Hence, following these tips and tricks, and having some good and reliable training provider, like the sharing some good and reliable training provider, like that offered by the SPOTO Club.

The role and skills which would be required of a core network engineer are evolving quite significantly as enterprise networks which would be encountered have shown an increase in the business demands and technology advancements. So as to meet these challenges, skilled IT professionals are required to be up-to-date, networking skills. For the individuals who have been looking forward to building and validate Cisco networking fundamentals, the Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching certification is going to be focused on foundational IP networking skills that would be required for deploying, operating and troubleshooting network layers 1-3. Since Feb,2 4, 2020, CCNA R&S has been replaced by the New CCNA 200-301 exam! Get SPOTO CCNA 200-301 exam practice tests for a single success! The Key topics that would be included in it are mentioned below: They would be made aware of the programmable network (SDN) architectures. Expanded VPN topics are going to be included site-to-site VPN, DMVPN, and client VPN technologies. Their knowledge about focusing on the IPv6 routing protocols, configuration, would be increased. They would make understand about the cloud resources which would be deployed in enterprise network architectures. They would also be provided the required knowledge of QoS concepts. CCNA 200-301 Exam Prerequisites: The candidates must have an understanding regarding the fundamentals of networking, experience about implementing local area networks and internet connectivity, the experience of managing network device security, experience in implementing WAN and basic IPv6 connectivity is also required. Instead of simply CCNA, it is now known as the CCNA Routing & Switching certification. Thus, to differentiate itself from the other CCNA disciplines like the CCNA Voice, CCNA Wireless, CCNA Security and CCNA Data Center. In order to obtain your CCNA Routing & Switching certification, you would have two options. The first is that you could take the single 200-120 CCNA composite exam and gain the title of the CCNA Routing & Switching by clearing one exam. The cost for this exam is around $295 and you would have about 90 minutes to answer the questions which would be about 50 to 60, passing score of which is considered as 825 out of 1000.ccna rs Download for Free! 2024 Updated Cisco CCNA 200-301 Exam Demo The second option is that you could first take the 100-101 - ICND1 exam in order to obtain your CCENT certification and after you have cleared the exam you could then take the 200-101 - ICND2 exam so as to fulfill the requirement of CCNA Routing & Switching certification. The cost for each of these exams is about $150 and you would have about 90 minutes to answer 40 to 50 questions. The benefit for some with this option is that they could concentrate on certain areas of study as less material would be covered in each of the exams. But the totality of the two exams would equal the material which is going to be covered in the single composite CCNA Routing & Switching exam. Whichever courses, you select, you would require to go through some intense training, which you could gain by joining SPOTO.about ccna pass rate Since 2017, the current CCNA has been “refreshed” and is now considered the 200-125 exam. This was a pretty minor change and quite a vastly less dramatic change, contrasting the reboot from the 640-554 to the 200-120. The certification path is still in present in the same format, where you are going to take the single 200-215 exam or you could break it into two exams, which would then allow you to take the 100-105 ICND1 (CCENT) and the 200-105 ICND2 exams. Both the certification path is not that much easy unless, you equip yourself with the best training and study dumps, which are provided by the SPOTO. So, if you wish to achieve a passing score and more in the CCNA Routing and Switching, the best way to do it easily is by joining the courses provided by SPOTO. Read more: How do I self-study CCNA & CCNP? Can we give the CCNP exam directly without CCNA? CCNA Scope in the USA – 2020 | Salary, Job Roles & Career after CCNA Where to find and download CCNA 200-301 dump? What would be the method to get a Cisco CCNA certification?

ISACA Certified Information Security Manager CISM Certification is a test offered by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). This global organization helps IT professionals in control, risk, governance, security, and audit/assurance become more competitive as individuals or organizations. Passing the CISM exam will open a lot of opportunities for career growth and salary increases. Several training agencies offer review materials for CISM exam candidates. However, if you want to pass the CISM exam on your first try, make sure to get the SPOTO CISM practice tests/study materials. SPOTO is the leader in helping test-taker for CCNA, CCNP, CCIE, CISA, CISM, and other CISCO and ISACA certification exams. It has been producing successful examinees since 2003 up to the present. For 17 years, it has retained its record of helping test-takers get certified on the first try. How to Get SPOTO Practice tests and Study Materials If you want a 100% assurance to pass the CISM exam on your first try, review using our SPOTO CISM practice exams/study materials through our website. First, complete the registration form and indicate the certification exam that you want to take and submit it. Next, pay the registration fee. The amount to pay depends on the exam that you will take. You can pay us using your debit or credit card, Western Union, or PayPal. After receiving your registration fee, you will have all the SPOTO CISM practice tests/study materials within 30 minutes. Aside from the materials in PDF form, we will create an account for you that you can use to log in to our remote server. Our remote server will allow you to study and practice answering real questions from previous CISM exam questions. If you happen to encounter challenging questions or problems, we have tutors who will assist you. Using the remote server, you can ask questions or clarifications. Our teachers have the skills, knowledge, expertise, and patience to teach you important concepts and solutions to problems you might encounter during the exam. The Advantages of Getting SPOTO Practice tests Using the SPOTO CISM certification practice tests/study materials have several advantages. First, we help you prepare well for the exam by providing 100% real and updated study materials. Our product manager makes sure that we can get the latest questions in the most recent CISM exam. We will add these items to our practice questions to keep you current with the new test items. We will also notify you regarding the update so that you can check it in your remote server. Second, you will be training with experienced IT experts who can guide and enlighten you in solving challenging problems that you might find difficult. You can ask them for assistance remotely 24/7 so that you would not be wasting time trying to find the solution on your own. Third, you will be taking practice tests in an environment that simulates the actual exam. You will answer test items with the same format as that of the real test. During examination day, your familiarity with the test items and the environment will give you a significant edge over other examinees that did not use the SPOTO CISM dump/study materials to prepare for the test. With SPOTO CISM dump/exam prep materials, you can methodically prepare for your CISM certification exam with ease. Read more: Hot News-SPOTO IT Exam Dump Info & Passing Report from Sep.7th to Sep.13th, 2020 Which would be the best online source to get CISM Dumps? How to pass the CISM exam in the first attempt? What study material should I use for CISM certification? What would be the eligibility to take up the CISA certification exam?

I. One of the most time-tested rules for network design is this: Switch wherever you can, route wherever you must. In essence, networks should be deployed by utilizing switching technology wherever it is possible, interconnected by routers only wherever it is required. Of course, the definition of “required” could vary a great deal as well as change over time as different network fads come in and out of the fashion. A good start would be to break up networks into different zones, separating user access networks, whether they are staff or guest, from data centers. These separations are considered to be logical points for routers and, in some cases, firewalls. Even though many users would spread through a building might look similar to many servers in a data center, the networks would have very different performance as well as reliability requirements. By creating a clear separation, network managers would be able to focus on designing networks that are fit for purpose rather than over-engineering or under-engineering. Before we discuss about the Distribution and Aggregation Layer, let me make you one thing very clear, that there are lots of things needed to be considered in networking, which you cannot just read and acquire, you are needed to go through immense training, which you could obtain through the training module offered by the SPOTO. II. Aggregation layer vs Distribution layer distribution layer In small networks of a few hundred users, edge switches could be connected redundantly directly to the core switch or router devices. However, for larger networks, an additional layer of switching, which would be called the distribution layer, aggregates the edge switches. The main goal of the distribution layer is simply to cable the reduction and network management, taking the many uplinks from edge switches as well as aggregating them into higher speed links. If edge switches are being chosen so that each wiring closet has only a single redundant uplink, then the distribution layer is generally to be placed next to the network core, with a minimum of two devices connecting to each wiring closet However, if the edge switch topology creates multiple redundant uplinks As for illustration, if non-stacked switches are selected or if there are an enormous number of connections in each wiring closet, then an aggregation layer which is really just another distribution layer can be placed in each wiring closet.  aggregation layer The aggregation layer connects to the uplinks of the edge switches and is uplinked to the distribution layer toward the network core. In small networks, uplink speeds of about 1Gbps might even become satisfactory, depending on the total number of user devices which would be served by each wiring closet and the application demands on the network. Wiring closet uplink speeds of greater than 10Gbps would be required only in very unexpected cases. Aggregation as well as distribution layer switches which are generally selected over edge switches for their greater reliability as well as the larger feature set. While the aggregation or distribution layer should always be redundant, devices at this layer would be offered nonstop service, like in-service upgrades and hot-swap fan as well as power supply modules. Aggregation and distribution layer switches which would also have more stringent performance requirements, which would be including lower latency and larger MAC address table sizes. This is considered because they might be aggregating traffic from thousands of users rather than the hundreds that one might find in a single wiring closet.  These are some details about the Aggregation Layer n Networking, but if you wish to have more knowledge regarding the same, you could do it by gaining the training courses that are offered by the SPOTO. They are the best when it comes to the courses related to Information Technology and lots more. If you want to know more knowledge about networking technology, join the SPOTO training course to learn more! Get our dump to pass the Cisco exam in the first try! Read more: What is Cisco Data Center Layer 2/Layer 3 Connectivity? Layer 2 or 3 Between Core and Distribution The Most Complete Example of EIGRP Experiment Configuration in History How to pass the CCNP Enterprise 350-401 exam with dumps? Download for Free! 2020 Updated Cisco CCNA 200-301 Exam Demo

The Cisco Certified Networking Professional Data Center or the CCNP Data Center certification is exceptionally focused on roles that would be particularly deal with the data center design, maintenance, and installation. The CCNP Data Center certification is an advanced-level certification that would be carrying the CCNA Data Center certification as a prerequisite. In addition to holding the CCNA Data Center certification, it is recommended that learners should have about 2 to 4 years of data center experience, as well as also should have to be trained for CCNA Routing and Switching, ideally so as to earn the certification before starting with CCNP Data Center. CCNP Data Center certification that would be required to become successful completion of four exams, but learners could choose from two pathways that would be reflecting the specializations for the final two exams. There are many ways to learn about CCNP Data Center Examination and one of the best ways would be to join a good Discussion Forums, which are present online. Below discussed are some of the benefits of joining the CCNP Data Center Forums. Advantages of Discussion Forums Free Exchange of Ideas: By joining the online discussion forums, could serve you as a learning hub for your online learner community. Most of these forums are going to permit learners to begin their own message threads or respond to others’ posts. This would be helping out in a free exchange of ideas and experiences. In order to keep discussions on track and to avoid any inappropriate comments, detailed guidelines in order to follow when you are engaged in online discussions that could be shared with participants right at the beginning. Better Quality of Dialogue: Discussions forums are going to promote a creative spark and make ideas flow. When learners are aware that their instructors or peers would be reading their posts, they would be thinking twice before they would be posting and work on their responses in order to facilitate them with better understanding. And because they could post whenever they want to, it gives them additional time to think and reflect upon a given topic. This exchange of ideas would be bounding to improve the quality of dialogue in the forum and would also be generating new ideas and thoughts. Facilitation of Self-Learning: Learners are also going to facilitate their own learning through these forums because they learn about how to pose relevant questions and also going to respond appropriately to their peers. If a learner would be stuck or finds it quite difficult in order to understand certain parts of a course, he wouldn’t need to wait for the instructor in order to respond but could access the responses of his peers for lending a hand. The learning process is going to become quite quicker this way. Participation in Multiple Discussions: Today’s CCNP Data Center Forums come up with the software that would be allowing to the learner in order to participate in multiple discussions at the same time. This would also help them to enrich their learning and encourages constructive discussions. Fodder for Future Courses: The discussions in these forums are going to create user-generated content that could be the fodder for the new courses or content for the Learning and Development team. CCNP Data Center Certification is quite hard to achieve. The candidates are required to have lots of knowledge and training so as to gain this certification. There are lots of online training available, which a candidate could gain and it without any hustle. If you are looking for such an institute, I would recommend you to join the SPOTO and gain their valuable courses, so as to help you out to gain this certification with passing guarantee.

The differences between Layer 2 virtual private networks (VPNs) and Layer 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) VPNs are frequently discussed when evaluating options for securely connecting customer sites over provider networks. While Layer 2 VPN services are not yet as widely available, both VPN types utilize MPLS label switching to tunnel traffic between customer edge (CE) and provider edge (PE) devices across the service provider backbone. Key differences include Layer 3 VPNs operating at the network layer to forward IP packets based on labels, while Layer 2 VPNs forward Ethernet frames using Layer 2 addressing. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs typically scale better across large enterprise networks. However, some customers prefer Layer 2 VPNs to retain routing control within their private domain, rather than relying on the provider's routing information. Understanding the core capabilities of each VPN type allows customers to select the optimal solution for their specific requirements. I. Introduction to Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks and Layer 3 MPLS VPNs The differences between Layer 2 virtual private networks (VPNs) and Layer 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) VPNs are frequently discussed. While Layer 2 VPN services are not yet widely deployed, understanding how these two types of VPNs compare can help customers determine how they may integrate into existing private networks and provide secure connections between sites. II. Perspectives from the Industry on Layer2 VPN vs Layer 3 VPN At the recent MPLScon 2006 conference, businesses utilizing MPLS services analyzed Layer 2 versus Layer 3 VPN solutions. It became apparent that neither universally defeats the other. In practice, IP networks often operate over an MPLS backbone using label switching. With Layer 3 MPLS VPNs, labels determine packet forwarding rather than destination IP addresses.  III. Packet Forwarding Differences in Layer 2 VPN and Layer 3 VPN A key difference is that Layer 3 MPLS VPNs forward IP packets based on labels, while Layer 2 VPNs forward Ethernet frames with MAC addresses. In Layer 3 VPNs, packets contain full IP header information. In Layer 2 VPNs, frames contain Layer 2 headers but may have MPLS labels added to traverse the provider backbone between customer edge (CE) and provider edge (PE) devices. IV. Distinctions in Network Setup for Layer 2 VPN and Layer 3 VPN A major difference is the signaling mechanism used to establish site-to-site connectivity. Layer 3 MPLS VPNs utilize BGP routing protocol exchange between CE and PE routers to share routing information within each VPN. Layer 2 VPNs have more topology options, like point-to-point or multipoint, and standards for signaling these connections across the MPLS core. V. Comparing Scalability and Control in Layer 2 VPN vs Layer 3 VPN Layer 3 VPNs enable fully meshed traffic engineering not easily achieved with Layer 2 VPNs. However, some customers prefer Layer 2 VPNs to maintain control over routing within their VPN. While Layer 3 VPNs scale better for large networks, Layer 2 options like VPLS keep routing decisions within the customer domain rather than relying on the service provider. Outsourcing routing tables is seen as a disadvantage by some corporations accustomed to private WANs like Frame Relay or ATM. Ultimately, the choice depends on customer requirements for control, scalability, and desired interaction with the MPLS provider’s routing. VII. Conclusion Thus, you would have gone through the various differences between the L2VPN and L3VPN. If you have more queries regarding it, or regarding any IT Certification, you could visit the SPOTO and gain the knowledge through their expert professionals. Read more: Introduction to L2VPN Interworking Introduction to MPLS L2VPN Pseudowire How to pass the CCNP Enterprise 350-401 exam with dumps? How to Buy Real and Valid Cisco CCNA 200-201 Exam Dumps? Join SPOTO Proxy Service!-Key to Pass Cisco Exam in the 1st Try

As Windows users, control panels and Settings applications can feel their limited functionality. If you want to have full and absolute control over your network, which means accessing everything the operating system must provide, you will have to start using command prompts. Never used a command prompt? Don’t worry.Using it is as simple as typing the commands you’ll see below. It’s not hard. We’ll tell you everything you need to know at first. However, if you are still unsure, check out our command prompt beginner guide. 1.PING Ping is one of the most basic but useful commands you might know. It tells you whether the computer can access a target IP address or domain name, or, if so, when the data is returned again. Sample usage and output: This command works by sending multiple packets and seeing how many of them are returned. If some of them don’t come back, it’ll tell you (lost). Packet loss leads to poor performance of games and streaming media, which is a good way to test. By default it sends 4 packets, each one waiting 4 seconds before timing out. You can increase the number of packets like this: And you can increase the timeout duration like this (value is in milliseconds) 2.TRACERT Tracert stands for Trace Route. Like ping, it sends packets as a solution to any network problems you may encounter, tracking the routing of packets when packets jump from the server to the server. Sample usage: This command outputs a line-by-line summary of each hop, including the delay between you and the particular hop and the IP address of the hop (plus the domain name, if available). Why do you see three delayed readings per jump? Because tracert sends three packets per hop in case one of them is lost or takes too much time without representing your real delay. The average of three is the best practice. 3.PATHPING Pathping is similar to tracert, in addition to more information, which means that execution takes longer. After sending the packet to the specified destination, it analyzes the route used and calculates the packet loss by hops. Sample usage and output: 4.IPCONFIG Ipconfig is probably just the most commonly used network command on Windows. It is not only useful for the information it provides, but also can be combined with several switches to perform certain tasks. Sample usage and output: The default output shows how each network adapter on the system and how they are resolved. The IPv4 address and default gateway details under the wireless LAN adapter and the Ethernet adapter section are the most important. Use this switch to flush your DNS cache: About SPOTO SPOTO offers Cisco CCIE certification practice tests and training to help all candidates to pursue their ideal careers. You can also find more useful tips and suggestions to help you study and master the networking knowledge. SPOTO has more study materials of CMD commands.If you want to get it and you can send an email: spoto@spotoclub.com we will send the study material to you

Why do you need port security? IP address spoofing: Refers to the IP packet generated by the operation as a forged source IP address in order to impersonate the identity of other systems or senders. This is a form of hacker attack. The hacker uses a computer to surf the Internet and borrows the IP address of another machine, thereby posing as another machine to deal with the server. The firewall can recognize this ip spoofing. According to the Internet Protocol (IP), the packet header contains source and destination information. IP address spoofing is to forge the header of the data packet so that the displayed information source is not the actual source, just as this data packet was sent from another computer. IP attack steps: (1) First, temporarily paralyze the network of the trusted host to avoid causing harassment to the attack; (2) Then connect to a port of the target machine to guess the ISN base value and increase law; (3) Next disguise the source address as a trusted host and send a data segment with the SYN logo to request connection; (4) Then wait for the target machine to send the SYN + ACK packet to the host that has been paralyzed; (5) Finally, pretend to be the ACK sent by the trusted host to the target again, and the data segment sent at this time carries the predicted ISN + 1 of the target; (6) The connection is established and a command request is sent. (The connection is established, but only commands can be sent, and no echo is received, because the server echoes to the truly trusted host according to the IP) What is Port-security concept: The switch learns the source MAC address, and maps the source MAC address to the interface learned to the address in a table. This table is called the MAC address table and forwards Ethernet frames based on the target MAC address. Under normal circumstances, an interface can correspond to multiple MAC addresses, in order to better control the number of MAC addresses on the switch interface and the specific MAC address, you can use port security to control. Port Security can control the correspondence between a specific interface on a switch and a specific MAC address, and can also limit the maximum number of MAC addresses on an interface. The interface with the port security function is called a secure port. Only the traffic with a pre-defined MAC address, that is, legitimate traffic, is forwarded on the secure port. Traffic with other MAC addresses (violating traffic) is rejected. Policy violation When the MAC address on the interface reaches the maximum allowed MAC address limit, if there are other MAC addresses to be accessed, it is considered a violation. The MAC address defined on a secure port is also illegal when accessed on another secure port, that is, the specified MAC address can only appear on the specified port, and it appears to be illegal on other ports. The secure port will only allow packets whose source MAC address is a secure MAC address, and other MAC addresses that violate the rules will be rejected. Set penalties after violation shutdown // The port becomes err-disable, which is equivalent to shutting down the port, which is the default processing method protect  // Discard the packets with illegal MAC addresses, but the port is in UP state. The switch does not record violation packets Restrict  // Discard the packets with illegal MAC addresses, but the port is in UP state. The exchange records the violation group (equivalent to credit credit) Basic configuration Requirements: R2 \ R3 \ R4 are directly connected network segments, which can be set arbitrarily, and configure port security on e0 / 0 of the switch Test before configuration: Test 1: R1 \ R2 \ R4 should be able to ping each other Test 2: The attacker connects to any other interface of the hub to imitate the address of R1 and ping R2 to be able to ping, and then delete or close the interface connecting the hacker to the HUB. Configuration Activate Port-Security (on the access \ trunk interface) interface Ethernet0/0 switchport mode access switchport port-security // The interface that enables port security cannot be in dynamic negotiation (dynamic) mode, and must have mode trunk or mode access. Once the Port-Security feature of the interface is activated, the default maximum number of security addresses is 1, which means that In the case of manually configuring a secure address, this interface will use the dynamically learned MAC as the secure address, and this interface is equivalent to being exclusively occupied by the MAC (the device it belongs to). And the default violation is shutdown SW1#show port-security interface f0/1 Port Security           : Enabled Port Status               : Secure-up        //The current state of the interface is up Violation Mode           : Shutdown           // Penalties after violation, default is shutdown Aging Time               : 0 mins Aging Type               : Absolute SecureStatic Address Aging : Disabled Maximum MAC Addresses : 1        //Maximum Security number address, the default is 1 Total MAC Addresses        : 0 Configured MAC Addresses   : 0   //Manually statically configured secure MAC address Sticky MAC Addresses      : 0               !! sticky's secure address Last Source Address:Vlan   : 00b0.1111.2222:10   //The nearest safe address + vlan Security Violation Count   : 0      !! Number of violations that have occurred in the history of this interface At this time, if another PC is connected to this port, the port-security interface will receive a new, non-secure address entry MAC address data frame, so the triggered illegal action is given to the interface Will be err-disable. At the same time, a snmp trap message is generated. In addition, under the interface, Security Violation Count will increase by 1. Configure the maximum number of allowed security addresses for Port-Security switchport port-security maximum 4 // Configure the maximum number of active addresses allowed by the interface and the maximum number of safe addresses. The upper limit allowed by different software platforms is different, but the default is 1. On the trunk port, port-security can be activated, and the maximum number of security addresses configured on the trunk port can be based on the interface configuration (effective for all VLANs) Use sticky MAC address on the port-security interface switchport port-security mac-address sticky //We know that there are several ways to form a secure address table entry, one of which is manual configuration using switchport port-security mac, but this method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and requires a MAC to be copied from the PC, and the work cost is relatively high . Another way to form a secure address is to let the switch use the dynamically learned MAC, but these secure addresses will be lost once the interface is up / down, let alone restart the device. Therefore, you can use the sticky mac method. After this method is activated, the switch “sticks” the dynamically learned MAC. The specific action is very simple. After dynamically learning the MAC, if I activate the sticiky MAC address, then A command is automatically generated under the interface: switchport port-security mac-address sticky aabb.cc00.3400 switchport port-security mac-address sticky aabb.cc00.7400 switchport port-security mac-address sticky aabb.cc00.b400 The secure address table entry (which is SecureSticky) formed in this way will not be lost even if the interface is flipped. If the wr saves the configuration and the command is written to config.text, the safe address will not be lost even if the device restarts. Test At this time, the hacker will access the HUB and imitate the address of R1 to test the ping R2，Because the switch has been bound to the mac address, the hacker cannot ping.  

This chapter describes commands to configure Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). we just introduce four commands, if you are interested in the other commands, and you can subscribe SPOTOCLUB and free download the valuable study materials. [emaillocker] Chapter 1: affinity To specify the genetic relationship and associated mask values for LSP in the LSP property list, use the affinity command in LSP property configuration mode. To delete the specified property flag, use the no form of this command. affinity value [ mask value] no affinity 1)Syntax  Description   Command Default Attribute flag values are not specified. Command Modes LSP attributes configuration (config-lsp-attr)  2)Command History   3)Usage Guidelines  Affinity value determines the attribute flag of the link that makes up the LSP, 0 or 1. The property mask determines the property value that the router should check. If the bit in the mask is 0, the linked property value or bit does not matter. If the bit in the mask is 1, the linked property value must match the affinity required for the bit’s LSP. An LSP can use a link if the link affinity equals the attribute flag value and the affinity mask value. Any value set to 1 in the affinity should also be set to 1 in the mask. To associate the LSP affinity property and LSP attribute list with the path options for LSP, you must configure the tunnel mpls traffic-eng path option command with the attribute string keyword and parameters, where string is the identifier of the specific LSP property list.  4)Examples  The following example shows how to specify the affinity value and affinity mask values for links comprising an LSP. Router(config-lsp-attr)# affinity 0 mask 0  5)Related Commands  Chapter 2: auto-bw To specify the automatic bandwidth configuration for LSP in the LSP property list, use the auto-bw command in LSP property configuration mode. To delete the automatic bandwidth configuration, use the no form of this command. auto-bw [ frequency secs] [ max-bw kbps] [ min-bw kbps] [ collect-bw] no auto-bw  1)Syntax Description   Command Default The automatic bandwidth for the LSP is not enabled. Command Modes LSP attributes configuration (config-lsp-attr)  2)Command History   Usage Guidelines Use this command to set an automatic bandwidth configuration for a LSP in an LSP attributes list. To sample the bandwidth used by an LSP without automatically adjusting it, specify the collect-bw keyword in the auto-bw command in an LSP attribute list. If you enter the auto-bw command without the collect-bw keyword, the bandwidth of the LSP is adjusted to the largest average output rate sampled for the LSP since the last bandwidth adjustment for the LSP was made. To constrain the automatic bandwidth adjustment that can be made to an LSP in an LSP attribute list, use the max-bw or min-bw keyword and specify the permitted maximum allowable bandwidth or minimum allowable bandwidth, respectively. The no form of the auto-bw command disables the automatic bandwidth adjustment for the tunnel and restores the configured bandwidth for the LSP where configured bandwidth is determined as follows: If the LSP bandwidth was explicitly configured with the mpls traffic-eng lsp attributes lsp-id bandwidth command after the running configuration was written to the startup configuration, the configured bandwidth is the bandwidth specified by that command. Otherwise, the configured bandwidth is the bandwidth specified for the tunnel in the startup configuration. To associate the LSP automatic bandwidth adjustment attribute and the LSP attribute list with a path option for an LSP, you must configure the tunnel mpls traffic-eng path option command with the attributes string keyword and argument, where string is the identifier of the specific LSP attribute list. 3)Examples The following example sets the automatic bandwidth configuration for an LSP in an LSP attribute list. Router(config-lsp-attr)# auto-bw  4)Related Commands Chapter 3: bandwidth To configure LSP bandwidth in an LSP attribute list, use the bandwidth command in LSP attributes configuration mode. To remove the configured bandwidth from the LSP attribute list, use the no form of this command. bandwidth global kbps no bandwidth  1)Syntax Description   Command Default The LSP bandwidth is not configured in the LSP attribute list. Command Modes LSP attributes configuration (config-lsp-attr)  2)Command History    Usage Guidelines Use this command to configure the LSP bandwidth in the LSP attribute list. The bandwidth configured can be associated with both dynamic and explicit path options. To associate the LSP bandwidth and the LSP attribute list with a path option for an LSP, you must configure the tunnel mpls traffic-eng path option command with the attributes string keyword and argument, where string is the identifier of the specific LSP attribute list. The bandwidth configured in the LSP attribute list will override the bandwidth configured on the tunnel.  3)Examples  The following example shows how to specify an LSP bandwidth in the LSP attribute list. Router(config-lsp-attr)# bandwidth global 1000  4)Related Commands Chapter 4: index To insert or modify a path entry at a specific index, use the index command in IP explicit path configuration mode. To remove the path entry at the specified index, use the no form of this command. index index command no index index  1)Syntax Description   Command Default A path entry is not inserted for a specific index. Command Modes IP explicit path configuration (cfg-ip-expl-path)  2)Command History   3)Examples  The following example shows how to insert a path entry at index 6. Router(cfg-ip-expl-path)# index 6 next-address 209.165.200.225 Explicit Path identifier 6: 6: next-address 209.165.200.225  4)Related Commands   SPOTO will provide you with the other study materials and you can improve your ability to master the commands that are useful for your Cisco certification exams.   : MPLS Configuration Commands Checklist [/emaillocker]

Cisco Systems, Inc. would be offering a line of vendor-specific certifications for its products. Many credentials offered by the Cisco suit every level of IT practitioner, offering the intermediate, entry-level, specialist or even expert-level credentials. Network managers and professionals who would be pursuing any of their certifications would bring value to the organizations that would be employing them; in particular, network engineers undergoing training to earn these certifications which could prove their skills as well as technical knowledge and would be potentially headed to highly rewarding careers. If you would be looking into Cisco programs as well as certification, however, you are required to be aware of the many changes that would be being implemented soon, to plan better for your credentialing and career path. What are the Cisco Changes and Which Cisco Certification Exam is the Best to Take in 2020? Professionals who are ready for taking their careers to the next level would have access to new learning portfolios. Cisco’s Training, as well as Certification, Frequently Asked Questions would be a great place, to begin with. You should note the changes in the new structure as well as keep alongside each other of the new programs which are being offered. According to the company, the new training, as well as the certification portfolio, would be able to do a better job in covering in-depth critical skills in key IT areas as well as in addressing newer technologies. Adjustments would have been made to CCNA, CCNP, CCIE. Additionally, Cisco would have also added a new layer of ‘Specialist’ certifications in between its CCNA and CCNP. Also, in the offer structure would be many new training courses that would be rolling out over the next several months as well as IT practitioners would be able to start earning training badges for the courses which would be completed after February 24, 2020, just in time for demanding the new exams setting to go live. Within Cisco Certifications, the two of the very popular as well as valuable certifications are CCNA and CCNP. CCNA primarily would be focused on developing appropriate skills for meeting the speedy deployment of technologies in today’s multifaceted networking environment. Once you would be a CCNA certified professionals you could choose different paths that would interest you, like: • CCNA Security - It would be dealing with monitoring and troubleshooting network devices. • CCNA Voice - It would be dealing with the handset, VoIP, voiceover mail, etc. • CCNA Wireless - It would be dealing with utilizing Cisco equipment in implementing, configuring, as well as supporting wireless LANs Salary Comparison: In the US, the average salary of a CCNA certified professional which would be ranging from $72,000 to $100,000 as of August 2019, as per the Payscale. CCNP is considered to be one of the most popular certifications in the field of networking. This certification would be usually which would be preferred by CCNA as this helps them to scale up the career of an individual. CCNP would be helping you to validate your proficiency in implementing, planning, managing as well as troubleshooting WANs and LANs in business environments. It would be also helping you out to make aware of how to work in collaboration with other experts for managing voice, wireless, video and security solutions. CCNP certified professionals would be earning $92,000 on an average per year which could be going high up to $122,000 which would be depending upon the experience as per the Payscale in August 2019. So, if you wish to obtain the Cisco Certification and are still in a dilemma about which to choose, check out the training courses which are being offered at the SPOTO Club.