Before we move down to MLPPP, it is necessary to understand the meaning of PPP. Point-to-Point Protocol or PPP for short, as described in RFC 1661, would be providing encapsulation protocol for transporting network layer traffic over point-to-point links, like the synchronous serial or (ISDN). Multilink PPP or shortly known as the MLP would be defined in RFC 1990, is considered to be a variant of PPP utilized for aggregating multiple WAN links into one logical channel for the transport of traffic. It would be enabling the load-balancing of traffic from different links and allows some level of redundancy in case of failure in a line on a single link. The Cisco implementation would be following standards for providing the following functionality: HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) protocol for encapsulating datagrams; an extensible LCP (Link Control Protocol) for establishing, configuring, and testing the data-link connection; as well as Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for negotiating configuration parameters. MLPPP Overview Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (MLPPP) would be aggregating the multiple PPP physical links into a single virtual connection or logical bundle. More specifically, MLPPP would be bundling multiple link-layer channels into a single network-layer channel. Peers negotiating the MLPPP during the initial phase of the LCP (Link Control Protocol) option negotiation. Each router would be indicating that it is multilink which would be capable by sending the multilink option as part of its LCP configuration request initially. An MLPPP bundle could be consisting of multiple physical links of the same type like the multiple asynchronous lines or could be consisting of physical links of different types like the leased synchronous lines as well as dial-up asynchronous lines. Packets received with an MLPPP header are considered to be subject to reassembly, fragmentation, and sequencing. Packets received without the MLPPP header couldn’t be sequenced and could be delivered only on a first-come, first-served basis. Before we learn more about the MLPPP, you must acquire the IT Exam dumps offered at the SPOTO Club, if you are aiming to have a bright future in IT Sector. Traditional MLPPP Application MLPPP would be utilized for the bundle multiple low-speed links for creating a higher bandwidth pipe such that the combined bandwidth would be available to traffic from all links, as well as supporting LFI (link fragmentation and interleaving) support on the bundle for reducing the transmission delaying of high priority packets. LFI would be interleaving voice packets with fragmented data packets for ensuring timely delivery of voice packets. The below-mentioned figure would be showing how incoming packets are going to be distributed and aggregated into an MLPPP bundle. MLPPP Aggregation of Traffic Into Single Bundle Because MLPPP would be aggregating multiple link-layer channels onto a single network-layer IP interfacing, protocol layering within the router would be different than for non-multilink PPP. The below-mentioned figure would be illustrating interface stacking with MLPPP. Structure of MLPPP MLPPP LCP Negotiation Option Multilink PPP would be adding the multilink MRRU (maximum received reconstructed unit) option for LCP negotiation. The MRRU option would be having two functions: It would be informing the other end of the linking the maximum reassembled size of the PPP packet payload that the router could receive. It would be informing the other end that the router would be supporting MLPPP. When you would be enabling multilink on your router, the router would be including the MRRU option in LCP negotiation with the default value set to 1500 bytes (user-configurable option) for PPP. If the remote system rejects this option, the local system would be determining that the remote system doesn’t support multilink PPP as well as it would be terminating the link without negotiation. Now, if you wish to have more details regarding the MLPPP, you should check out the training courses which are being offered at the SPOTO Club to gain success.

I. Cisco Certifications: Their Importance and Benefits A. The Role of Cisco Certifications in IT Industries Cisco, as a leading global entity in the field of Information Technology, serves as the cornerstone for networking essentials. Its vast array of certifications holds substantial influence in the industry. These credentials essentially authenticate a professional's proficiency in handling various network technologies and systems. B. The Potential Benefits of Having a Cisco Certification Cisco certifications do more than just validating one's skills. They provide a competitive edge in the ever-evolving realm of IT. Acquiring these certifications could potentially increase an individual's employment prospects, since they signal authoritative knowledge and commitment to the field. Additionally, the Cisco certified professionals typically garner a higher salary range, effectively enhancing their earning potential. C. Job Opportunities and Career Growth with Cisco Certifications With the acquisition of Cisco credentials, myriad paths of opportunities in diverse IT domains open up for professionals. Cisco certified individuals are recognized and desired by employers globally, leading to advanced career prospects, including roles such as Network Engineer, Systems Administrator, or IT Manager. Moreover, these certifications empower individuals to navigate their career trajectories effectively, escalating their chances for rapid career progression. II. An In-depth Look Into CCNP Certification Being an acronym for Cisco Certified Network Professional, the CCNP certification validates one's prowess in planning, implementing, verifying, and troubleshooting local, wide area networks and working in collaboration with specialists in areas like advanced security, voice, wireless, and video solutions. A. Understanding the CCNP certification The CCNP certification is a professional level accreditation from Cisco Systems. It's viewed globally as a hallmark of high-calibre networking professionals. Geared towards network engineers and administrators, this renowned certification delves more into the aspects of networking as compared to its junior associate, the CCNA. B. Benefits and advantages of acquiring CCNP certification There are a spectrum of benefits that come with holding a CCNP certification. For starters, it opens up a myriad of job opportunities in the expansive IT industry. Secondly, it is definitive proof of your capability in handling Cisco's networking technologies. Finally, it furnishes you with knowledge required in the designing and implementation of wide area networks, hence solidifying your standing in top-rated network architect roles. C. The process of acquiring a CCNP certification With the CCNA as the prerequisite, the candidate embarks on their CCNP certification by choosing a course of interest among a set of professional courses offered. The candidate then sits for and passes a set of examinations pertaining to their course of interest. Cisco recognises their effort by awarding them with the CCNP certification, which lasts for three years, after which re-certification is mandatory. D. Profiles and roles best suited for a CCNP certification holder At its core, the CCNP certification equips you with the necessary know-how to work ideally in job roles like network engineer, support engineer, network technician, or systems engineer among others. With the exponential growth of the IT industry, CCNP certification holders are ever more, seen as indispensable assets in any organization. III. A Comprehensive Examination of CCIE Certification A. An overview of the prestige and recognition encompassing CCIE certification Regarded as one of the most prestigious and recognized certifications in the IT industry, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) accreditation holds immense stature. This prestige arises from the intricacy and depth of knowledge required to attain it, earning it the recognition as the 'PhD of Networking'. With less than 60,000 network professionals worldwide holding a CCIE certification, it truly symbolizes a distinct group of network architects fielding a high caliber of expertise. B. The in-depth knowledge and expertise granted by the CCIE certification Unlike other certifications, the CCIE serves as a comprehensive demonstration of a candidate's in-depth technical proficiency. The expertise granted by this certification ranges from the ability to architect complex, enterprise-grade networks to troubleshooting them. Achieving a CCIE certification requires an in-depth understanding of various IT infrastructures and networking systems, thus enabling certificate holders to manage complex, interconnected network environments effectively. C. The path towards achieving a CCIE certification Embarking on the CCIE certification journey is demanding yet highly rewarding. Initially, prospective candidates must clear a written qualifying exam that tests their in-depth technical and theoretical knowledge. Following this, they face the formidable CCIE Lab Exam, regarded as one of the toughest exams in the IT certification realm. This 8-hour exam session consists of a hands-on test, demonstrating real-world troubleshooting skills and network setup. Notably, most successful candidates typically invest significant preparation time, often involving months of rigorous study and practice. D. Job roles and profiles that benefit most from a CCIE certification Given the knowledge and experience mandates attached to the CCIE certification, it's best-suited for individuals aspiring to senior roles within the networking domain. Job roles benefiting from this advanced certification commonly include Network Engineers, Network Architects, and Senior Network Analysts. Additionally, IT professionals within decision-making roles, such as IT Managers and CTOs, can utilize the certification to validate their in-depth network knowledge and guide strategic technology implementations. CCIE certified individuals usually command higher salaries, considering their demonstrated proficiency and investing significant resources to attain this prestigious certification. IV. Comparing and Contrasting CCNP and CCIE Certifications Scrutinizing the Cisco certification journey presents two popular paths: CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) and CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert). Each of these certifications presents its own unique complexities and levels of recognition within the tech community. A. The distinct differences between CCNP and CCIE in terms of complexity and recognition In assessing complexity and recognition, it is pertinent to note that the CCNP certification serves as a stepping-stone to the more rigorous CCIE. The CCNP is attested for its advanced networking concepts, but the CCIE more emphatically deepens an individual's expertise with its exhaustive curriculum and intensive lab examination. In terms of global recognition, the CCIE is often deemed the 'Doctorate in Networking' due to its robust and exhaustive knowledge scope. B. The level of expertise required for both certifications While the CCNP certification requires a considerable level of networking knowledge, the CCIE necessitates profound expertise in network solutions. The CCIE, regarded as one of the highest levels of certification, demands a thorough understanding and practical mastery of complex network scenarios. C. The contrasting career opportunities linked with CCNP and CCIE certifications CCNP certification, recognized for its advanced skill set, opens doors to roles such as network engineer, support engineer, and systems engineer. It is an ideal path for professionals seeking to broaden their career in networking. On the flip side, the CCIE certification, noted for its exhaustive expertise, paves the way for individuals to ascend to higher roles such as network specialists, network architects, and top-tier network engineers. This certification is the ticket for seasoned professionals aiming to climb the pinnacle of their networking career. D. The ideal certification to pursue based on specific career goals and professional paths The choice between CCNP and CCIE should fundamentally depend on individual career goals. The CCNP serves as an ideal option for professionals aiming for career advancement in core networking roles. In contrast, the CCIE appeals to seasoned professionals who aspire to gain robust expertise and aim to take up top-tier roles in the networking domain. Both credentials provide the ticket to career progression; the choice simply depends on the level of complexity and investment a professional is willing to undertake. V. Steps to Choose the Right Cisco Certification Selecting the ideal Cisco certification requires introspection and detailed understanding of what each accolade entails. You are not choosing between good or bad, but between what aligns best with your aspirations, capabilities, and resources. A. Evaluating Individual Career Goals and Paths in Deciding Between CCNP and CCIE Look at your career goals from a long-term perspective. If you aspire to build expertise in network implementation and troubleshooting, CCNP can serve as your stepping-stone. On the other hand, if your aim is to lead network engineering projects and handle intricate network complexities, CCIE becomes a more viable option. Consider your predisposition towards leadership roles and technical tasks when deciding. B. Understanding the Time and Resource Investment Each Certification Requires Both CCNP and CCIE are significant investments. CCNP Certification demands approximately 1200 hours of study for an average professional starting from CCNA-level knowledge. The CCIE, however, is a notch higher, with at least 1000-1200 hours expected for the written exam and 500-700 more hours for the lab exam. Evaluate your readiness to commit such magnitude of time and self-discipline. C. Analysing Future Job Prospects Provided by Each Certification A CCNP Certification may open doors to roles like Network Engineer, Senior Network Analyst, or Service Provider Network Technicians, with an average salary of $97,000 per annum. A CCIE, conversely, could lead to positions like Senior IT Manager, Lead Network Architect and earn you north of $120,000 on average. Gauge the prospective career paths against your ambition and job satisfaction requirements. D. The Importance of Continuous Learning and Upgrading in the Rapidly Evolving IT Industry Keeping up with the fast-paced evolution of IT is crucial, rendering continuous learning to be not just an option but a necessity. Achieving a Cisco certification is half the battle won. Staying updated with the latest trends, techniques, and tools is equally important. Therefore, even after achieving CCNP or CCIE, remember to persistently seek knowledge, as the flexibility to learn and adapt is particularly significant in this industry.

Participating in CCIE requires a lot of time, money, and energy. Although there are no specific prerequisites to take the exam, you can try it if you don't have at least three to five years of fieldwork experience, just like jumping into the sea without knowing how to swim. Without a chance to pass the exam, you will waste your exam fees. Besides, you need at least an entry-level Cisco certificate to declare that you can take the CCIE exam. The cost of the CCIE written test is $450. If you fail the first try, you will pay the same fee when you try again. Taking the test at the test center means paying for travel and accommodation. The secret to reducing the cost of the CCIE exam is through the first attempt. You can do this by registering for the SPOTO online certification course and training for the CCIE exam. SPOTO is a company that provides learning materials and practice tests for all Cisco and other IT certification candidates. Our company is known for providing 100% authentic, effective, and updated SPOTO CCIE exam escape information or study and review materials to ensure that you pass the CCIE test on the first try. The unique function of our people in this field is to collect questions raised in the latest CCIE exams. We have experts to verify and verify the items ordered by our personnel to ensure that you use them correctly. Since it started operations in 2003, SPOTO has trained thousands of IT professionals who have passed CCIE certification.  How to obtain SPOTO CCIE learning materials Obtaining a SPOTO CCIE dump is easy. First, register on the SPOTO website by filling out the form. Next, pay the test fee for the CCIE test. You can use PayPal, Western Union, and credit and debit cards accepted by SPOTO. Within 30 minutes, you will receive the materials via email. We will provide you with the login details on the remote server. After logging in, you can read all the learning materials, practice practical and real test questions, and use our remote server to test in a simulated environment. All materials have an expiration date, and once they expire, you can no longer use them. However, if you plan to take the exam a few days after the expiration date, we can extend the material for a short time for free or only at a minimum fee. Why trust SPOTO SPOTO CCIE exam answers and practice questions are 100% true and valid. All projects are part of the latest CCIE testing. Using actual test items, you will be familiar with the test items that usually appear, giving you an advantage over other inspectors. You will know which topics to study without reviewing items that will not appear in the test.ccnp certification cost Using SPOTO Real CCIE dump, you can quickly and systematically prepare for the CCIE certification exam.   Recommend CCIE exam study materials: THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CISCO’S NEW CCIE PROGRAM How to Prepare for the CCIE Lab? What is CCIE Lab, and which would be the best website to prepare for it? What is the CCIE lab exam? How should I study for the CCIE lab exam? How hard is the CCIE lab?

Taking the CCIE requires a considerable investment both in time, money, and effort. Although there are no specific pre-requisites in taking the exam, giving it a try without at least three to five years of experience working in the field is like plunging into the sea without knowing how to swim. It is less possible to pass the exam, and it will waste your time and money. It would also help if you had at least entry-level Cisco certificates to claim that you can hurdle the CCIE exam. The exam fee for the CCIE written exam is $400. If you fail the exam on your first try, it will cost you the same amount when you try again. If you take the exam at the testing center, you should spend money on the trip and accommodation. The essential tip on spending less on the CCIE exam is to pass it on the first try. For that, you should register for the SPOTO online CCIE Training course. SPOTO is a company that offers study materials and practice tests for all Cisco and other IT certifications candidates. Our company is known for providing 100% real, valid, and updated SPOTO CCIE exam dumps or study and review materials that guarantee to pass the CCIE test on the first try. We have people whose particular function is to collect questions that came out in the latest CCIE test. We have experts to validate and verify the items that our people have collected to ensure that you get them right. SPOTO has been producing thousands of CCIE certified IT professionals since it started operating in 2003. How to Get the SPOTO CCIE Study Materials Getting SPOTO CCIE dumps is easy. First, register at the SPOTO website by completing the form. Secondly, pay the training fee for your CCIE exam. We support many payment methods, including PayPal, Western Union, and credit and debit cards. After payment, you will receive the materials stage by stage. We will provide 100% real workbooks and solutions, instruction Videos, and Study Plan. Also, we offer a complete rack for your study to practice the actual exam questions under the real exam environment. Why Trust SPOTO 100% Verified and Real CCIE Lab Exam Workbooks and Solutions 100% Real CCIE Lab Exam Environment Complete Rack Service Technical Support from Professional Tutors 2100+ CCIE Pass Results 18-Year Experience in IT Training The SPOTO CCIE exam answers and questions for practice are 100% real and valid. All the workbooks and solutions are from the real CCIE exam. With actual test items, you will become familiar with the test items that usually come out, giving you an advantage over other examiners. You would know what topics to study instead of reviewing things that will not come out in the test. With SPOTO Real CCIE dump, you can methodically prepare for your CCIE certification exam with ease. Recommend CCIE exam study materials: How long is the CCIE lab exam? How much does it cost to earn CCIE? How to Prepare for the CCIE Lab? What is CCIE Lab, and which would be the best website to prepare for it?  How much does the CCIE lab exam cost? How hard is the CCIE lab? How do I know that my CCIE has expired? How much does it cost to earn CCIE? Cisco Certification Salary: How to Enhance Your IT Salary CCIE Lab Booking Process-Step by Step Guide about SPOTO how long does it take to become a ccie

Well, to begin with, any certification would prove to be a signal of skill as well as dedication to an employer. The CCIE Wireless Certification would be bringing immeasurable bona-fides to your resume because it is considered as the pinnacle of your certification pathway. It would be compared to that to the PhD-level of certification; the CCIE Wireless comes up with lots of whack among peers and employers. If we look out for the cost, it is quite an expensive exam, which would be costing more than $2,000 so as to take both the written as well as labs portion of the exam. Even though the cost is precipitous, the value of a CCIE Wireless certification in earning potential is far greater than the cost of achieving the CCIE Wireless. Considering the fact that there would be about 2,049 working hours in the year, suppose if you make $1 more per hour, then you would be able to cover the cost of the exam in one single year. And you would be able to find lots and lots of opportunities. In order to understand the value of the CCIE Wireless Track, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the same. Benefits of CCIE Wireless Certification: Cisco CCIE Wireless training in International is considered as part of the Cisco Certification training course class, The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Wireless (CCIE Wireless) certification would be able to assess and validate wireless expertise. The Exam Takers who clears, the CCIE Wireless certification exams are going to demonstrate broad theoretical knowledge of wireless networking as well as a solid understanding of wireless local area networking (WLAN) technologies from Cisco, which is considered as the market leader in WLAN technology. One of the benefits of CCIE Wireless Certification is that it provides the candidate a greater opportunity for salary increase as well as job advancement, it also validates expertise in major aspects of wireless LAN technology, and also provides a stepping stone for individuals who would be interested in a career in working or managing with Cisco wireless technologies. It would be certifying expert-level knowledge as well as skill for building an extensible Enterprise WLAN. It enables candidates to combine their core technical expertise with knowledge of accelerating technologies, such as cloud, web programmability, and the Internet of things.It helps to configure, diagnose, and troubleshoot a series of complex network scenarios. It enables to understand how the network and service components interoperate, and how the functional requirements translate into specific device configurations. The knowledge of troubleshooting would be considered as quite an important skill and candidates would be expected to diagnose and solve issues. Cisco announces a flexible and alternative way of recertifying the expert-level certification for the holders. In addition to the existing option of clearing the relevant exams, candidates would be able to choose to recertify by earning credits through the Continuing Education Program. Cisco’s Continuing Education Program is going to be based on three founding principles: Flexibility, Diversity, as well as Integrity. Flexibility could be achieved existing Cisco certified individuals would be offered an alternative option for recertifying, in addition to the already existing option of recertifying by clearing the relevant exam or exams. Diversity would be achieved by allowing individuals a wide range of preapproved items, like the online courses, instructor-led training, authoring of content, as well as Cisco Live training offerings, which could be pursued to earning credits toward recertification. Integrity could be achieved by having content providers who have been authorized by Cisco, who would be delivering the content to the individual seeking recertification, validating the credits submitted by that individual. So, if you wish to have all these benefits, you have to gain this certification, which again isn’t going to be an easy task, unless you have help. I would suggest you check out the courses offered by the SPOTO. They are the best when it comes to various IT Certifications.

I. Foreword Although 5G is currently the hottest communication technology, from the national level to major commercial companies to every ordinary consumer, almost everyone is concerned about how the new generation of communication technology can improve the performance of mobile phones, and how can help people make Life is better.    However, the innovation of network technology is not limited to 5G, there are more technologies to improve the experience together, such as Wi-Fi 6, which has recently been attracting more attention. This latest wireless local area network standard is about to play a role in the future of the further explosion of equipment scale, and has become the preferred technology for building wireless networks in homes, offices, and public places. II. What is Wi-Fi 6 The Wi-Fi 6 standard was officially released in mid-2019. It is the latest version of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard and provides compatibility with previous network standards. It also includes 802.11n / ac, which is now mainstream. The name defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is IEEE 802.11ax, and the Wi-Fi Alliance, which is responsible for commercial certification, is called Wi-Fi 6 for publicity. The previous 802.11n / ac was also renamed Wi-Fi 4 and Wi-Fi 5 in this rebranding movement. This is of great benefit to equipment manufacturers, no longer need to spend effort to educate users, or come up with fancy marketing vocabulary, simple numbers can explain the pros and cons of the product.     The birth of the Wi-Fi 6 name has brought this technology closer to consumers. It has become an easy-to-understand technical term like 5G. Wi-Fi has also begun to transform into a consumer-oriented commercial brand, which is no longer a pure technical standard, and has a broader prospect on the road of network technology evolution. Wi-Fi 6 introduces a number of new technologies, which have greatly improved the communication quality, transmission efficiency, energy consumption performance, and multi-device accommodation of wireless networks. The theoretical maximum rate through 160MHz channels can reach 9.6Gbps. The introduction of OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) makes the data content in transmission no longer rigidly occupy the entire channel, divides the data into more detailed resource blocks for management and transmission, and realizes more efficient use of the network. It is like a large truck, from one car to one car regardless of size to a reasonable distribution. Each truck is filled to maximize the single transportation.   TWT (Timed Wakeup) makes Wi-Fi 6 more power-saving, which is helpful for mobile devices such as mobile phones and Internet of Things devices. The connection between the device and the wireless router will sleep and wake up regularly, which is equivalent to the combination of work and rest instead of working all day, which improves the power consumption performance and transmission efficiency on both sides. The modulation method enhanced to 1024-QAM makes the data transmission and reception process more compact, and more information can be transmitted under the same signal.  Compared with Wi-Fi 5's 256-QAM, the speed can be increased by 25%. Wi-Fi 6 also uses two frequency bands, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, and multi-band transmission and reception reduces the embarrassment of being idle while the network is congested. BSS Coloring allows the signal source to have its own "color". Up to 63 "colors" give mobile phones and other terminals an efficient way to find routers. Similar to the different theme colors of different take-out services, after dyeing, the router and terminal equipment can find each other more accurately and efficiently, and the communication power and time are reduced. Wi-Fi 6 uses MU-MIMO technology in both uplink and downlink, allowing routers to use multiple antennas to communicate with multiple terminal devices at the same time, so as to achieve "multi-purpose". Compared with the design that only single antenna and single device can communicate at the same time in the past, MU-MIMO is more capable of increasing network speed and connecting more devices. III. Why is the era of Wi-Fi 6 coming A new standard becomes the product standard and is popularized in the market. It often needs to go through the process of the standard release, related component follow-up, product listing, and finally cost reduction and price acceptance by consumers. It is less than half a year before the official release, and the Wi-Fi 6 has been released in the early version for almost two years. How can it usher in its own time so quickly?  Although the router is a product that has not changed its power for a long period of time, most consumers have not realized the value of high-priced products, and the routers as the first Wi-Fi 6 products are high-end products at a price of 3,000 yuan. , And did not launch low-end and mid-range products anytime soon, and the popularity seems far away. The important reason for the acceleration of Wi-Fi 6 is actually the enthusiasm of mobile phone manufacturers in introducing new standards, and high-end products have played a pioneering role in the entire market. The two flagship mobile phone products in 2019, the Galaxy S10 series and the iPhone 11 series, took the lead in applying this technology so that a larger consumer base itself has noticed Wi-Fi 6. At the same time that market attention has been achieved, the Wi-Fi 6 standard has also been officially released, allowing related products of upstream manufacturers to enter the market one after another. The introduction of router chips, PC network cards, mobile phone chips, and other products has enabled the Wi-Fi 6-based ecosystem to be built, covering high-end, low-end positioning, and promoting the explosion of terminal products. Personal terminal products mainly based on mobile phones and notebooks have shown consumers' demand for network improvement, forcing router manufacturers to follow up related products.  Consumers are waiting for wireless network upgrade The changes in the network environment are also the factors driving Wi-Fi 6's attention. The speed and quality of the network brought by the 5G network are unforgettable for those who have experienced it. However, the monthly traffic limit and 5G coverage prevent people from getting the same network performance at home or other indoor environments. At the same time, Gigabit networks have begun to spread throughout the country, and they have entered more homes in the context of growth and fee reductions. In Shanghai, they only need a 199-month fee to use Gigabit networks. There are not many routers that can release Gigabit network capabilities, and this is precisely the scenario where Wi-Fi 6 matches the theoretical performance. IV. Wi-Fi 6 coming in the first year It can be said that 2020 will be the 6th year of Wi-Fi. Although the first batch of products did not enter the market this year, it has really spread to the masses of consumers and related products of different consumption levels are expected to become the mainstream of sales in the market this year. We will continue to pay attention to what kind of performance Wi-Fi 6 will bring and what new direction it can lead. 

Selecting professional certification with innumerable opportunities is immensely important for high professional growth in a short span. If you are also searching for the best professional certification course then the CCIE Data Center course is one of the best options for you. Cisco CCIE Data Center certification course comes with lots and lots of opportunities as it is highly demanded in the IT industry. Let’s know about the Cisco CCIE Data Center certification in detail What is CCIE Data Center?   CCIE Data Center certification is offered by Cisco for imparting the detailed knowledge of Data Center to the students. During the Cisco Data Center training, you will learn the skills of handling the complex Data Center infrastructure which includes designing, planning, implementing as well as managing the Data Center network. Remember, to pursue your Data Center training from the best Cisco CCIE Data Center training institute such as the industry is full of opportunities only for skilled professionals. What is the scope of the CCIE Data Center certification? As we have discussed above, Cisco Data Center certification is greatly demanded in the IT industry. It is one of the highly prestigious IT certifications in the industry. This certification is recommended for the experienced IT professionals or the candidates with knowledge of Cisco R&S, Security, etc. You could experience a steep growth after pursuing this certification. A CCNA and CCNP level IT engineer with around 3 years of experience can expect a hike amid 70% to 100% after the course. To gain the CCIE Data Center Certification isn’t going to be easy though. You should have to go through lots and lots of training and practice, in order to become successful in the exam. Also, you would require a good and reliable training provider, like the SPOTO Club, which could help you out to ease up your study process. Why pursue CCIE Data Center at SPOTO Club? If you want to reap the available opportunities, then you would be required to have an in-depth knowledge along with the practical skills to handle the Data Center network. SPOTO Club has specially designed the DC training course keeping in mind the requirements of the IT industry. The CCIE Data Center training course at SPOTO Club not only imparts in-depth knowledge but also provide practical exposure to students for making them an expert. Below are various other reasons, to join SPOTO Club for pursuing CCIE DC course, have a look SPOTO Club, an online IT training institute, is committed to high-edge IT professionals and accelerating the process of training IT, technical professionals. SPOTO Club provides various valuable exam materials and trusted services involving Cisco certification, CISSP, Linux, Cloud computing, Big Data, AI and so on, which will instantly enhance customers’ value and improve personal potential. Their mission focuses on the customers’ demand and continues to enhance our creativity. They would cast much time into developing online courses so that they are growing rapidly and improving customers’ career process. SPOTO Club is a leader in the IT industry and has taken a huge breakthrough in recent years. SPOTO Club’s commission is to be your trusted partner in reaching your career goals. Over the past 16 years, SPOTO Club has helped millions of IT professionals to achieve their goals. They would also offer real exam materials and the best service to help you clear various certification exams. SPOTO Club is a unique certification institute in the world. So, if you are searching for the best Cisco CCIE training institute in India, then SPOTO Club is the best option for you.    

CCIE Routing and Switching v4.0 Quick Reference: Network Optimization would be covering the SLAs, SPAN, RSPAN, NetFlow, and RITE as well as Cisco IOS EEM. IP Service Level Agreement (SLA) One of the most important aspects that would be needed to consider in maintaining a network is providing a guarantee of an explicit level of service to customers. In order to ensure that such an agreement is met at all times, IOS would be providing a mechanism so as to actively test specific metrics, called IP SLA. When configured, the IP SLA service would be active monitors a specific aspect of the network, like the DNS response time, UDP VOIP jitter, ping latency, and so on. If the IP SLA thresholds are not met, IOS would be sending a notification, like an SNMP trap or syslog message.  NetFlow:  As packets are going to be sent through router interfaces, they could be classified into flows. This information could be sent from the router so as to monitor the server that could be providing valuable information about the traffic traversing the network. A flow could be described by a number of fields: Destination IP address Destination port Interface Protocol type Source IP address Source port Type of Service In order to determine if a packet belongs in a particular flow, the seven packet fields are going to be inspected. If anyone of the fields would be different, the packet in question which could be considered a new flow. NetFlow statistics could be collected on the following types of networks: IP, MPLS, Frame Relay, and ATM. You could learn all of these in detail, by joining the SPOTO, which is the best institute for Cisco Certifications.  SPAN, RSPAN, and RITE (Router IP Traffic Export) Viewing the packets between two devices is often considered the best way to troubleshoot a networking issue. Many organizations would be deploying network monitoring servers for both network functionality as well as security purposes. In order to provide these servers a stream of data from all the segments of the network, the Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) mechanism built into Cisco switches would be utilized. A SPAN port is considered as a physical port that is configured so as to send data which would be received on other ports or VLANs. When the data is sent out the SPAN port, it would be simply a copy of all the data that would have been sent through the configured source ports. The SPAN functionality assumes that the destination of the traffic would be directly connected to the switch. If the network is large, it might be not possible to wire a single monitoring station to multiple switches along with SPAN ports. Fortunately a special remote SPAN (RSPAN) VLAN could be created that would be transporting the SPAN port information into another switch. This would be enabling aggregation of monitoring data into a single VLAN that could be sent to the monitoring station.  Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager (EEM) In the normal operations of the switch or router, events like the CLI command, a syslog message, or an SNMP trap, for example, could be occurring constantly. These events would be detected by the EEM Event Detectors that would be sending their information to the EEM server. The EEM server can then be programmed for the implementation of an EEM policy. Now, if you wish to learn all of it in detail, you could do it by joining the preparation courses which are being offered by the SPOTO. When it comes to various IT certifications, SPOTO would be considered the best destination for you.

Take heart if you are trying to manage your network and spending hours making sure all devices are correctly set, reading through countless logs to uncover the underlying cause of difficulties, and asking why you don't have better tools. You place a high value on your network. After all, it is the network that defines the consequences of your company endeavors in significant part. Whether you're looking to improve your company processes or your consumer experiences, you're going to need to rely on your network. The network must expand, perform, maintain security, and most importantly, be agile to react to the inevitable, and sometimes rapid, changes that occur when your projects adjust to constantly evolving ground realities. Networks are becoming more complicated to satisfy the increasing demands of users, devices, objects, apps, and the cloud, and enterprises are having difficulty managing them to fulfill their business needs. They frequently employ numerous tools, perform manual CLI setups, and troubleshoot by attempting to recreate the situation and reading over logs. This takes too long, is prone to errors, and consumes network engineers' time with low-value tasks. This is the first in a series of posts about various facets of intent-based networking. The Ascension of the Intent-Based Network As a result of these problems, enterprise networks are transitioning to an intent-based networking model. In contrast to traditional networks, where many day-to-day activities are manual, intent-based networks (IBN) automate the network's essential functionality. They take high-level business intent as input, transform it into network policies, configure network devices to carry out the policies and monitor these devices to ensure that the policies are followed. Because of this set of capabilities, IBN is suited for reaping the benefits you foresee from your digital transformation activities. The network controller is at the center of an intent-based networking deployment. Network controllers exemplify network management's growth from simple element managers to more powerful network managers and SDN controllers. While the development of SDN controllers increased software control, automation, and programmability, it was limited in scope and manufactured to order. On the other hand, full network controllers go beyond SDN controllers and contribute to the realization of the whole concept of intent-based networking. At the center of intent-based networks are network controllers. Network controllers perform the necessary policy, activation, assurance, security, and integration services critical to implementing an intent-based network. Policy: Controllers accept as input business intent and translate it into network policies. For example, the controller may understand the intention to hold a multiparty telepresence conference at 10 a.m. to implement appropriate bandwidth, QoS, and encryption procedures in the wired and wireless campus and WAN networks. Activation: Controllers activate the underlying network infrastructure, which is made up of switches, routers, and wireless equipment, by producing the necessary configurations and provisioning the devices following the stated policy. The controller, in our case, would arrange network devices to provide the given service levels. Assurance: Controllers examine network data to identify any problems preventing the network from behaving following policies. For example, the controller may identify a loss of video quality in a network segment, determine the root reason, and give the user the necessary remedy. Security: Controllers have complete insight into the network's users, devices, things, and applications. This enables them to spot odd behavior or anomalies that may indicate a threat. Controllers might take precautionary measures to protect the workplace, workloads, and personnel. Controller APIs allow for programmatic two-way interaction between the network and external business and IT applications. These APIs also enable controllers to communicate with one another to synchronize the fulfillment of shared business intentions across numerous networks. An external program, for example, may direct the controller to configure devices for an important meeting. Conclusion Controller-led architectures are becoming indispensable due to their range of capabilities. Organizations are discovering that they can significantly reduce manual effort, minimize security risks, save operating costs, boost regulatory compliance, and ensure that the network is continually changing, learning, and aligning with business demands. If you want to know more about Cisco knowledge, please try SPOTO Cisco exam dumps to learn the latest technology!  Please try the SPOTO Cisco training course and Cisco exam dumps to help you get the Cisco certification on the first try!  

Cisco certification cost is quite expensive, but the quality of training and certifications you will receive from such an esteemed organization is unparalleled. The CCNA Security certification cost is no different in this regard, as the value of a CCNA Security certificate has been proven to help individuals excel in their professional careers. CCNA Certification Cost - Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing & Switching: $300 USD - Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Security: $400 USD - Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP): $450 USD - Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) Written Exam: $1,200 USD Benefits of Obtaining a CCNA Certification - Obtaining a CCNA certificate validates your skills in networking technologies, allowing you to stand out from other IT professionals. - Having a CCNA certification on your resume can open up more job opportunities that require a higher level of expertise. - With a certified team, business organizations can save time and money on costly IT projects. - It provides proof to employers that you have the knowledge and experience to be successful in your role. Why Invest in CCNA Security? - The demand for cybersecurity professionals continues to grow across the globe due to increased threats of cyber attacks. A CCNA Security certification provides you with the necessary skills and knowledge needed to become a trusted security expert. - With an ever-increasing need for secure networks, having a CCNA Security certification will give employers further confidence in your abilities to create secure networks and systems without compromising user data or exposing them to malicious threats. - Additionally, with the complexity of networks increasing each day, having a CCNA Security certificate will prove invaluable when it comes to troubleshooting and resolving security issues. The Value of Investing in Certifications Investing in certifications such as those offered by Cisco does not come cheap but are well worth the investment for those looking for long-term career success and advancement within their chosen field. Not only do certifications provide valuable credentials but can also lead to higher salaries depending on your level of expertise and experience in the industry. Furthermore, having these credentials can set you apart from other applicants when apply for jobs as they demonstrate dedication towards obtaining high-level credentials which employers respect highly.

As many of you hopefully already know, the CCIE Routing & Switching certification blueprint would be changing from version 4 to version 5 on June 3rd, 2014. As this date would be quickly approaching, and as the last of the v4 lab seats would be fully booked, it’s time to start planning your attack on the RSv5 blueprint. While Cisco’s official blueprint for v5 is now more detailed than it would have ever been in the past, it would be still lacking some details in certain areas, for example, “Implementing, optimizing and as well as troubleshooting filtering with any routing protocol.” Additionally, it would be quite difficult to use Cisco’s blueprint for a study plan as it would be standing in its current linear format. For example “Layer 3 multicast” would be listed before “Fundamental routing concepts”, which from a learning perspective wouldn’t be making any sense, because you must understand unicast routing fully before you would be learning multicast routing. This way when you would be finally ready to attempt the lab exam, you could be assured that you would have at least heard of all the topics in the scope, regardless of how ambiguous some of them might be. Additionally note that some topics which would be listed below might appear only on the written exam and not the lab exam, like the MPLS Layer 2 VPNs or RIPng, but are still included in the content and the outline below. The below outline would be continuing to be updated, so check back periodically during your preparation to see changes, adds, as well as removes. Also, if you wish to have the complete CCIE Routing and Switching Blueprint, you could check it out at the courses offered at the SPOTO Club. Below mentioned is a bit of the outline of the CCIE R&S Blueprint. RSv5 Expanded Blueprint LAN Switching 1. VLANs & Trunking 1.1. Standard VLANs 1.2. Extended VLANs 1.3. VLAN Database 1.4. Access Ports 1.5. 802.1q Trunk Ports 1.6. 802.1q Native VLAN 1.7. Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) 1.8. Trunking Allowed List 2. VTP 2.1. VTP Version 1, 2, & 3 2.2. VTP Authentication 2.3. VTP Pruning 2.4. VTP Prune Eligible List 2.5. VTPv3 & Private VLANs 3. EtherChannels 3.1. Static Layer 2 EtherChannels 3.2. PAgP 3.3. LACP 3.4. Layer 3 EtherChannel 3.5. EtherChannel Load Balancing 3.6. EtherChannel Protocol Limiting 3.7. EtherChannel Misconfig Guard 4. Spanning-Tree Protocol 4.1. PVST+ 4.1.1. STP Root Bridge Election 4.1.2. STP Path Selection with Port Cost 4.1.3. STP Path Selection with Port Priority 4.1.4. STP Convergence Timers 4.2. Optional STP Features 4.2.1. PortFast 4.2.2. UplinkFast 4.2.3. BackboneFast 4.2.4. BPDU Guard 4.2.5. BPDU Filter 4.2.6. Root Guard 4.3. Rapid-PVST+ 4.3.1. RSTP Convergence Optimizations 4.3.2. Edge Ports 4.4. Multiple STP 4.4.1. MST Root Bridge Election 4.4.2. MST Path Selection with Port Cost 4.4.3. MST Path Selection with Port Priority 4.4.4. MST and CST/PVST+ Interoperability 4.4.5. Multi-Region MST 5. 802.1q Tunneling 5.1. L2 Protocol Tunneling 5.2. Layer 2 MTU 5.3. EtherChannel over 802.1q Tunneling 6. Miscellaneous 6.1. CDP 6.2. LLDP 6.3. UDLD 6.4. CAM Aging Time 6.5. SPAN 6.6. RSPAN 6.7. ERSPAN 6.8. Flex Links 6.9. Fallback Bridging 6.10. Voice VLANs 6.11. Smartport Macros Layer 2 WAN Circuits 1. HDLC 2. PPP 3. PPP Authentication 4. PPP Multilink 5. PPPoE So, if you wish to acquire the full Blueprint, check out the courses offered at the SPOTO Club.

When it comes to IT certifications, Cisco Systems is considered near the top of the category in terms of interest, perceived value as well as size and heft of its overall program. The Cisco Certification pyramid shows a well-elaborated family of credentials that are available at many career and complexity levels, where both Architect and Expert certifications most notably, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, or CCIE would be remaining evergreen credentials and in high demand, with lots of cachets, and considerable income-generating power. Below mentioned are some sites, which you could rely on to learn about the Cisco Certification. But along with these practice sites, you also need to have good training, which you could gain it through the SPOTO. 1. The Cisco Learning Network: Cisco operates a formidable training as well as certification operation, both online and in person. The online portion is called The Cisco Learning Network or, more unofficially, Cisco Learning. Here, you could be navigated to the individual credentials as you see fit, but you could also tap into a huge volume of supporting and surrounding information. 2. MeasureUp: Whether you would be looking for resources to help you to obtain that first Cisco certification or you are a seasoned professional which would be seeking to advance in order to the next Cisco certification level, MeasureUp is definitely considered is worth exploring. 3. Cisco Press: Cisco Press offers an amazing collection of certification preparation materials. CCNA self-study resources would be illustrating, you could find all kinds of materials for the enormous majority of Cisco certifications at the company's official press site. Cisco Press not only would be offering a full-length study guide, but also the software simulators, flash cards, video training, and even practice tests. 4. CCNA Cert Prep at Celtic Rover The Celtic Rover CCNA pages would be offered to some great resources for IT professionals preparing for Cisco's CCNA exam. You would be finding lots of great information in order to dig into for the various CCNA exams. This material would make a great supplement to the candidates who are preparing through Cisco Press CCNA exam cert prep books. 5. CCNP Certification Prep at CCNP Guide As with Celtic Rover for CCNA, there's a lot of good stuff that you could learn at CCNP Guide which would help you out to bone up for the various professional level CCNP exams, especially for those who are on the Routing and Switching track. 6. Cisco Lab Kits The higher you climb up the Cisco certification pyramid, the more the importance of hands-on access to the hardware increases. That's why at least half of Cisco CCNP candidates as well as those who are pursuing CCIE, purchases their own gear upon which they are going to practice on. And in the case of the CCIE, Cisco pros would be spending a great amount of time with the hardware so as to prepare for the infamous CCIE lab exam. 7. Cisco Virtual Labs Online There would have always been lots of sources for virtual lab access to Cisco environments online, but only in 2012 did Cisco itself would be dipping a toe into these waters by launching of the Cisco Virtual Labs. 8. Cisco Certification Training As is so often the case for training on certifications of the vendor-specific, you would have an important choice in order to make when you would be seeking out training on Cisco certifications to go through an authorized Cisco training partner that would be taught elements of the Cisco official training curriculum, or in order to go outside the Cisco channel so as to find a solid, reputable third-party training provider. CCIE R&S Certification would be achieved without proper training module, for which I would recommend you to join the SPOTO, as it provides you with the training along with the passing guarantee.

What is NFV? Network functions virtualization or shortly known as NFV is believed to be a network architecture perception that utilizes the technologies of IT virtualization for virtualizes would be entire classes of network node functions into building blocks that might connect, or chain together, for creating communication services. There would be several important points about NFV to note: NFV would be replacing network services provided by dedicated hardware with virtualized software. This would be meaning that network services, like load balancers, routers, firewalls, XML processing as well as WAN optimization devices, could be replaced with software running on virtual machines. NFV would be helping you would be able to save both capital expenditures (CAPEX) as well as operating expenses (OPEX). Network services that would be utilized to require specialized, dedicated hardware could run on standard commodity servers, reducing costs. Because server capacity could be increased or reduced through software settings that would be made on-demand, it is no longer necessary to overprovision data or service centers for accommodating peak demand. What is SDN? Software-defined networking technology or SDN is believed to be an approach for the management of network that would be enabling dynamic, programmatically efficient network configuration for improving network performance as well as monitoring creating it more like cloud computing than traditional network management. The key ingredients of SDN would be including the following: SDN would be delivering directly programmable network control, the ability to provision new network elements as well as devices, or to reconfigure existing ones, comes from a collection of programmable interfaces. This would be allowing administrators to easily program networks either via scripting tools or third-party tools as well as consoles, all of which employ those programmable interfaces. SDN is considered to be agile and responsive. It permits administrators for adjusting the network-wide traffic flow dynamically in order to meet fluctuating needs and demands. Network managers could configure, control, secure as well as tune network resources utilizing automated SDN programs. Furthermore, networking professionals would be able to create such programs themselves utilizing standard, well-documented tools as well as interfaces. Utilizing open standards, SDN would be streamlining network design as well as operation. Instructions originate from SDN controllers utilizing standard protocols and interfaces, rather than relying on vendor-specific protocols, interfaces as well as devices. Before we compare both of them, do check out the training courses offered by SPOTO Club for various IT Exams. NFV vs SDN: Similarities and Differentiations The core similarity between SDN (software-defined networking) as well as NFV (network functions virtualization) would be that they both utilize network abstraction. SDN seeks to split network control functions from network forwarding functions, while NFV would be seeking to abstract network forwarding as well as other networking functions from the hardware on which it runs. Thus, both are going to be depending greatly on virtualization to facilitate network design as well as infrastructure to be abstracted in software and then implemented by underlying software across hardware platforms as well as devices. SDN and NFV differ in how they are going to separate functions as well as abstract resources. SDN would be abstracting physical networking resources such as switches, routers and so on and moves decision making to a virtual network control plane. In this approach, the control plane would be deciding where to send traffic, while the hardware would be continuing to direct as well as handle the traffic. NFV would be aiming to virtualize all physical network resources beneath a hypervisor, which would be allowing the network to grow without the accumulation of more devices. While both SDN and NFV would be making networking architectures more flexible as well Cas dynamic, they would be performing different roles in defining those architectures as well as the infrastructure they would be supporting. Are you interested in gaining more knowledge regarding both? If yes, get enrolled in the IT exam training courses offered at the SPOTO Club.

Introduction The Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) Routing Protocol is a versatile and robust routing protocol suitable for both IP and CLNP applications. In the IP world, it has emerged as the only practical alternative to the Open Shortest Path First Protocol for Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) applications in Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks. IS-IS is the IGP of choice in most tier one ISP environments and its significance certainly explains why it features in the CCIE Routing and Switching, as well as the CCIE IT recertification exams. Despite the importance of IS-IS in IP networking, it has received little coverage in the technical press and networking literature. You could gain more information about the same if you join the Lab Courses, offered by the SPOTO. Most of the users, as well as networking professionals, would be relying on scanty literature and the configuration manuals from Cisco and other major router vendors to boost their knowledge on IS-IS. Many routing protocol texts from Cisco Press cover IS-IS in sections, yet OSPF is covered in many book titles. This first book title on IS-IS breaks the tradition of inadequate IS-IS coverage by focusing primarily on IS-IS. IS-IS Network Design Solutions would be following the much-cherished Cisco Press approach of combining theory and practice within the setup of the Cisco Routing environment. The text would also be including an elaborate comparison with its competitor, OSPF. Interior gateway protocols such as Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) are used in conjunction with the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to provide robust, resilient performance and intelligent routing capabilities required in large-scale and complex internetworking environments. In spite of the popularity of the IS-IS protocol, however, networking professionals have depended on router configuration manuals, protocol specifications, IETF RFCs, and drafts. Mastering IS-IS, regardless of its simplicity, has been a daunting task for many. IS-IS Network Design Solutions would be providing the first comprehensive coverage available on the IS-IS protocol. Professionals of all levels in the Networking Field now would be having a single source for all the information that would be needed to become true experts on the ISIS protocol, particularly for IP routing applications. You are also going to be learning about the origins of the IS-IS protocol and the fundamental underlying concepts and later on move to complex protocol mechanisms involving building, maintaining, as well as dissemination of the information found in the IS-IS database on a router. Objectives The overall objective of this book is to bring comprehensive knowledge about the IS-IS routing protocol to the IP networking professional at any career level. Like most IP routing protocols, IS-IS is still evolving with various enhancements still being discussed and formalized within the IETF. This book builds a bridge between the original IS-IS protocol, which is specified for routing of ISO connectionless network protocol (CLNP), as well as all recent IP related enhancements. Its practical slant, which exploits the ubiquitous Cisco IOS environment, is designed to provide you hands-on experience for usage and configuration of the IS-IS protocol. In the grand scheme, the material presented must be provided to you with the necessary advanced skills for understanding, designing, and application of IS-IS as an IGP in IP environments. Now, all these objectives couldn’t be achieved only through the theoretical knowledge, you would also be needed to go through the hands-on lab practice, which you could achieve through the CCIE Lab Preparation Courses, which would be offered by the SPOTO. It would be considered as the one-stop destination for all the Cisco related Certification. So, join the SPOTO and gain the knowledge as well as hands-on practice to clear your CCIE Lab Exam.

The Cisco CCIE Routing and Switching Lab Exam version 5.0 is considered to be an eight-hour, a hands-on exam that requires a candidate to plan, design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot complex security scenarios for a given specification. Knowledge of troubleshooting is considered to be an important skill as well as candidates would be expected to diagnose and solve issues as part of the CCIE Routing and Switching lab exam. CCIE R&S Lab Exam consists of 3 Sections and we are going to discuss one of them, which would be the Configuration Section. Also, you are going to need a good and latest reliable exam dumps, like that offered by the SPOTO Club, if you wish to clear the CCIE R&S Lab Exam in a single attempt. CCIE R&S v5 Lab Configuration module: The Configuration module would be providing you set up very close to an actual production network which would be having various security components providing various layers of security at different points in the network. Though the major part of the module is based on virtual instances of the Cisco security appliances, the candidate may be asked to work with physical devices as well. At the very beginning of the module, the candidate would be having the full visibility of the entire module. A candidate could choose to work in the sequence in which the items are going to be presented or could resolve items in whatever order it would seem to be preferable and logical. Get more ccie security 5.0 click there. When working in the Troubleshooting module, the candidate could choose to borrow up to 30-minutes from the five hours which are going to be allotted for the Configuration module. The result is that the total time the candidate would have to complete the Configuration module would only be four-plus one-half hours (4.5 hours). To maintain the total exam time to eight hours, the optional 30- minutes the candidate decided to use in the Troubleshooting module is deducted automatically from the time originally allocated for the Configuration module. The web-based delivery system will display a warning message when the two hours have expired in the Troubleshooting module. The system will then ask if the candidate wants to proceed in the Troubleshooting module, adding up to extra 30 minutes before advancing to the next module, or if the candidate desires to stop working on the Troubleshooting module as well as advance to the Diagnostic module. Passing Criteria To pass the CCIE R&S lab exam, the candidates are going to be required to meet these two conditions:    The total sum of all modules should be equal at least the minimum overall cut-score.    The sum for each individual module should be equals at least the minimum cut score for the module. The reason for these criteria would be to prevent the candidate from clearing the lab exam while failing or even bypassing a module, for instance, the Diagnostic module. Well, I would suggest that if you wish to gain the CCIE R&S Certification, you should check out the study materials, which are being offered at the SPOTO Club. SPOTO Club Materials 100% Cover Real Exam After long-term testing, SPOTO Club achieves its Lab materials accurate rate up to 100% cover exam. 96.8% First-Attempt Pass Rate SPOTO Club helped over 1688 members get their CCIE certification until 22nd May 2019, first attempt pass-rate over 96.8%, which is far higher than other vendors. According to statics show that average one candidate need to take 2-3 times exam to get their CCIE certification, whereas you can pass at first try if you pass SPOTO Club all sections & mock tests